Introducing
Your new presentation assistant.
Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.
Trending searches
Mutation and Mutagenic agents
7
Mutations
and Mutagenic Agents
Blicher Mélanie
Mardirossian Johanna
Introduction
A mutation is the change of the nucleotides sequence of DNA. Many things can cause a mutation like for example external factors called mutagenic agents.
Introduction
A gene in a chromosome
Nucleotides are the building blocks that make up DNA.
Mutagenic agents
The two major causes of mutations are chemicals and radiations, in the following document we can see where we can found them in our everyday life.
Mutagenic agents
Radiations
Radiations
Examples of Radiations:
- X-rays and gamma rays
- UV radiation
Effect of Ultraviolet Light on DNA
Chemical mutagens
Chemical mutagens examples:
- Benzene
- Base analogs
Chemicals
An example of base analogs
The different kinds of mutations
The different kinds of mutations
DNA damage
Mutations can change the DNA structure in three different ways
DNA damage
Substitution
A Thymine is replaced by a Cytosine
Insertion
A Cytosine is added into the nucleotides sequence
Deletion
A Thymine is removed from the DNA sequence
Protein
DNA
RNA
mRNA
Protein
Amino Acids
Protein
Missense mutation
Nonsense mutation
Silent mutation
Successive mechanisms leading to a mutation
DNA damages don't necessarily become mutations.
Successive mechanisms leading to a mutation
Fixing Mistakes in DNA Replication
An example:
The reparation processes are:
- Proofreading
Fixing Mistakes in DNA Replication
- Mismatch repair
The DNA replication mistake become a Mutation
The DNA replication mistake become a Mutation
The error of replication becomes a permanent mutation after a second replication.
The next document shows how a DNA damage becomes a mutation.
The consequences
A mutation can be harmful, helpful or neutral for an organism.
The two following documents show an example of a harmful mutation and a "helpful" mutation.
Cancerous Cells
Genetic Diversity in bananas
The consequences
Conclusion
Conclusion
Mutation are various. They can cause diseases but they also create genetic diversity witch is essential for the evolution
Links
Ressources
- https://www.khanacademy.org/science/high-school-biology/hs-molecular-genetics/hs-discovery-and-structure-of-dna/a/dna-proofreading-and-repair
- http://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-3-genetics/34-inheritance/gene-mutation-rates.html
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/health/cot-death-risk-newborn-baby-increase-sids-genetic-mutation-breathing-ucl-study-a8278011.html
- http://www.elvenezolano.com/tag/genoma-humano/
- http://www.elfontego.it/2017/09/home/tornano-le-banane/
- https://www.quora.com/Why-are-cancer-cells-dangerous
- https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/mutation/
- https://www.nature.com/scitable/nated/article?action=showContentInPopup&contentPK=409