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Venn Diagram

APA Citations

NJ Plan

CT / NJ

VA / CT

Make up of the Legislative Branch, etc

VA Plan

- The VA Plan proposed a bicameral legislature with representation based on population, favoring larger states

- In the VA Plan, voting power was proportional to a state's population

- The VA Plan recommended a single executive chosen by the legislature

- The VA Plan proposed a legislature with two houses

- The VA Plan proposed scrapping the Articles of Confederation entirely

NJ Plan

- The NJ Plan advocated for a unicameral legislature, meaning there would be only one legislative body.

- The NJ Plan would have reduced the influence of larger states by granting them the same representation as smaller states.

- The NJ Plan aimed to protect the interests of smaller states by ensuring equal representation, which would give them an equal say in the legislative process

- Under the NJ Plan, each state would have an equal vote in the unicameral legislature

- vThe NJ Plan proposed equal representation for all states, regardless of size, in a unicameral legislature.

CT Compromise

- the CT Compromise suggested a bicameral legislature with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

- the CT Compromise allocated voting power based on the population of each state, with proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

- the CT Compromise balanced the interests of small and large states by combining equal representation in the Senate with proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

- the CT Compromise acknowledged the larger states' greater populations and granted them more representation in the House of Representatives.

- the CT Compromise proposed a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives, which provided a system of checks and balances between the two chambers.

CT / NJ Similarties

- Both the Connecticut Compromise and the New Jersey Plan called for a bicameral (two-chamber) legislature.

- Both plans recognized the need for representation of the states in the national government

- Both plans included a provision for equal suffrage in the Senate. This meant that each state, regardless of its size or population, would have an equal number of senators.

- Both plans acknowledged the need for a stronger national government with the power to regulate interstate commerce, levy taxes, and make decisions that would affect the entire country

- Both the Connecticut Compromise and the New Jersey Plan were part of the overall effort to find a compromise between the competing interests of large and small states during the Constitutional Convention.

VA Plan

VA / CT Similarities

- Both the VA Plan and the CT Compromise advocated for a bicameral legislature, consisting of two houses.

- Both plans recognized the need for a separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government.

- Both plans sought to establish a stronger central government than what existed under the Articles of Confederation.

- Both plans recognized the supremacy of the national government over state governments in certain matters.

- Both plans incorporated checks and balances within the proposed governmental structure to prevent the abuse of power.

The Legislative Branch in the United States is composed of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 100 senators, with two senators representing each state, while the House of Representatives has 435 members, with the number of representatives per state determined by its population. This structure reflects the principles outlined in the Constitution and the Madison Debates, which aimed to establish a bicameral legislature to balance the interests of both small and large states.

A recent example of both houses of Congress working together is the passing of the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021. This legislation, signed into law in March 2021, aimed to provide economic relief to individuals, businesses, and state and local governments impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both the House and the Senate worked collaboratively to draft, debate, and pass the bill. This exemplified the checks and balances embedded in the legislative process, as both houses ensured that their respective interests and concerns were addressed during the negotiation and amendment process.

However, there are also instances where the two houses of Congress have faced challenges in working together. For example, the For the People Act (H.R.1/S.1), which aimed to strengthen voting rights, reform campaign finance laws, and address ethics issues, faced significant partisan divisions. While the bill passed the House in March 2021, it encountered opposition in the Senate. The legislation ultimately did not pass the Senate due to a lack of bipartisan support and the filibuster rule, which requires a 60-vote threshold to advance most bills. This example demonstrates how the balance of power between the two houses can lead to legislative gridlock and the difficulty of passing major reforms in a deeply divided political climate.

APA CItations

Rakove, J. N. (2010). The Virginia Plan and the Creation of the Federalist Republic. The Virginia Plan and the Creation of the Federalist Republic. In Original Meanings: Politics and Ideas in the Making of the Constitution (pp. 50-80). Vintage Books.

Amar, A. R. (2005). The Constitution and Criminal Procedure: First Principles. Yale Law Journal, 115(2), 515-595.

Bowen, C. (2018). The Connecticut Compromise and the Constitution. Salem Press Encyclopedia of American History.

Kaminski, J. P., & Saladino, J. A. (2005). The Great Compromise and the Creation of the United States Constitution. In The Quotable Jefferson (pp. 91-94). Princeton University Press.

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