Metabolism Flow Chart

Glycolysis/Glyconeogenesis

Regulation of Key Enzymes in Metabolism

Pentose phosphate pathway

Glycogenesis/Glycogenolysis

Pi

ATP

Hexokinase

Mg2+

Regulatory step

Glucose 6-phosphatase

Regulatory step

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

H2O

ADP

PPi

UTP

NADP+

NADPH + H+

H2O

H+

NADP+

NADPH + H+

Phosphoglucomutase

H2O

Gluconolactonase

6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Regulatory step

CO2

Glycogen synthase & Branching enzyme

Regulatory step

Phosphoglucose isomerase

UDP

Pi

Glycogen phosphorylase & Debranching enzyme

PLP (Pyridoxal phosphate)

Regulatory step

ATP

Pi

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

Mg2+

Regulatory step

Phosphofructokinase

Mg2+

Regulatory step

ADP

H2O

Codes/ Key:

• Overlapping intermediates between metabolic pathways
• Enzymes
• Cofactors/Coenzymes
• Regulatory steps
• Organs and Organelles (indicated by the background color)
• Cytoplasm
• Mitochondria
• Liver

Synthesis of Cholesterol

Aldolase

Squalene

synthase

ATP/GTP Production

Farnesyl pyrophosphate

2 PPi

Triose phosphate isomerase

NADPH + H

NADP+

2 Pi

NAD+

Reduced coenzymes for transport to the ETC

2 NAD+

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

O2

PPi

NADPH + H

Geranyl transferase

2 NADH + 2H+

Squalene monooxgenase

NADH + H+

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate

NADP+

Gluconeogenesis

Glycogenolysis

2 ADP

Phosphoglycerate

kinase

Mg2+

ADP

2 ATP

ATP

PPi

2,3-Oxidosqualene lanosterol cyclase

Dimethylallyl transferase

Coupling reactions

H+

Isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase

ADP

CO2

Phosphoglycerate

mutase

ATP

H2O

19 reactions

Enolase

ADP

GDP

H2O

Phosphomevalonate kinase

2 H2O

ATP

CO2

NADPH + H

GTP

NADP+

PEP carboxykinase

Mg2+

2 ADP

Anaerobic reactions of pyruvate

ADP

Pyruvate kinase

Mg2+

Regulatory step

CoASH

2 ATP

Mevalonate kinase

ATP

Pyruvate decarboxylase

NADH + H+

NAD+

NADH + H+

NAD+

CO2

Vitamin D

Bile Salts

Cell membrane

Lactate

dehydrogenase

Alcohol dehydrogenase

ATP

NADH + H+

NAD+

CoASH

Catabolism of fatty acids (beta-oxidation)

2 NADP+

CO2

Pyruvate carboxylase

Biotin

Regulatory step

HMG-CoA reductase

Regulatory step

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Regulated step

2 NADPH + 2 H+

CO2

ADP + Pi

CO2

NADH + H+

FADH2

Acetyl CoA

CoASH

NAD+

FAD

CoASH

Formation of ketone bodies

Acetyl-CoA

H2O

CoASH

+

Thiolase

CoASH

NADH + H

HMG-CoA

synthase

HMG-CoA lyase

Enoyl-CoA

hydrase

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase

Beta Hydroxyacyl-CoA

dehydrogenase

Acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase

NAD+

B-hydroxybutyrate

dehydrogenase

CoASH

Pi

H2O

Aspartate

2 ADP

2 ATP

NADH + H+

Ammonia + CO2

ATP

Citrate

synthase

Pi

3 H+

NAD+

Ornithine transcarbamoylase

AMP + PPi

Carbamoyl phosphate synthethase

N-acetyl-glutamate

Regulatory step

Argininosuccinate synthase

Aconitase

Malate dehydrogenase

NAD+

Citric Acid Cycle

Fumarase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Mn2+

Regulated step

NADH + H+

H2O

Argininosuccinate lysase

CO2

Arginase

Urea

H2O

a-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Regulated step

Succinate dehydrogenase

NAD+

FADH2

Urea cycle

NADH + H+

CO2

Succinyl-CoA synthetase

FAD

Pi

GDP

GTP

Creators: Katrina Bargender and Merub Irfan

https://jackwestin.com/resources/mcat-content/oxidative-phosphorylation/electron-transport-chain-and-oxidative-phosphorylation-substrates-and-products-general-features-of-the-pathway

ADP

ATP