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ENGL E101F Wk 8 Ss 1_L31
6
ENGL E101F
Week 8 Session 1
L31
Copyright by Gladys Luk 2021
- Warm up exercise
- Recap
- Citation and referencing
- Academic writing: grammar
- Reading comprehension
Warm up exercise
Warm Up exercise: Pronunciation
Pronunciation and spelling are usually related.
Examples:
Report, Remember, conduct, noble
We look at the spelling and are able to pronounce these words.
Genre, Grand prix, History, Island, Future & Setup
Warm Up exercise: Pronunciation
In the video we are going to watch, the teacher did teach her students to read the words according to the spelling.
But it is totally a joke.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ep-l8B8nNb8
Recap
Recap
- Unit 2 Activity 9
- Grammar mistakes
- Reading comprehension
Citation & Referencing
Citation and referencing
3 steps:
- present the ideas with verbs of attribution
- insert the in-text citation in the text
- at the end, prepare a reference list
Verbs of attribution
Tell the readers why we select these ideas and how we view them with the use of verbs of attribution.
As Darwin (2004) observes, young people in Hong Kong are becoming increasingly aware of environmental protection.
That is Darwin's observation
In-text Citation
Integral in-text citation
Incorporated in the text
e.g. Lee (2010) claimed that ...
Not incorporated in the text
place at the end of the sentence, before the full stop
e.g. ... (Lee, 2010).
Non-integral in-text citation
References
- A list of articles and/or books we have cited
- Placed at the end of the essay/ article/ report
Citation and referencing: Example
Citation and referencing: Example
verbs of attribution
non-integral citation
integral citation
Citation and referencing: Example
Academic writing
More about academic writing
Academic writing: Key characteristics
More reliable, more trustworthy
In terms of grammar and structure
More objective
More complex
Has a more formal structure
More referencing
In terms of the organization
refer to citation and references to avoid plagiarism
Academic writing: more objective
Not subjective so more reliable
Why objective?
Compare and comment
I think there are 4 main areas where I can see big differences between standard writing and academic writing.
Generally speaking, there are four main areas where differences between standard writing and academic writing can be seen.
Academic writing: more objective
I think there are 4 main areas where I can see big differences between standard writing and academic writing.
Hedging: Generally speaking - increases the 'distance'
Generally speaking, there are four main areas where differences between standard writing and academic writing can be seen.
There are: provide a platform for objective statements
Passive voice: removes the need for a subject
Academic writing: more objective
Hedging:
- Academics do not want to appear too definite when presenting their arguments
- Avoid being criticised of exaggeration
Also make use of modality
Academic writing: more objective
Examples:
The results of the study may be the consequence of the sampling type adopted.
The results of the study may well be the consequence of the sampling type adopted.
The results of the study are probably the consequence of the sample type adopted.
Academic writing: more objective
The results reported here appear to confirm those reported in Brown (2006).
Students tend, on the whole, to submit satisfactory assignments.
Academic grammar
Academic writing: Key Characteristics
More reliable, more trustworthy
In terms of grammar and structure
More complex
More objective
More complex
Has a more formal structure
More referencing
In terms of the organization
refer to citation and references to avoid plagiarism
Academic writing: more complex
In terms of formality and grammatical structures
Formality of language:
- big differences vs most significant distinction
*Word choice to convey a high level of formality
look into the issue vs examine the issue
talk about vs discuss
come up with some possible solutions vs
suggest some possible solutions
Academic writing: more complex
Grammatical structures:
- Use of
- passive voice,
- noun phrases,
- nominalization,
- relative clauses, etc
Academic writing: more complex
Passive voice:
- Maintain effective thematic development
- Relevant information stays in focus
- Maintain an objective tone
Effective thematic development
Example 1:
A student left an assignment in the assembly hall. The cleaner picked it up and handed it in later.
A student; The cleaner
An assignment; It (the assignment)
An assignment was left in the assembly hall. It was picked up and handed in later by the cleaner.
effective thematic development: An assignment It
Relevant information in focus
Example 2:
A doctor sends a patient's blood specimen to the laboratory. A technician analyses the specimen in the laboratory. He/she records the results of the analysis. A secretary then types up the results in a report, which he/she sends to the doctor.
Passive voice + relative clauses
A patient's blood specimen is sent to the laboratory, where it is analysed. The results of the analysis are recorded and typed up in a report, which is sent to the (patient's) doctor.
Usual flow: given information followed by new information
Academic writing: more complex
Nominalization:
If students develop particular study skills, they can enhance their performance.
The development of particular skills can enhance student performance.
Noun phrase: the development of particular skills
Academic writing: more complex
People use chopsticks, knives and forks because they dislike of eating with fingers.
The use of chopsticks, knives and forks reveals a dislike of eating with fingers.
Removes the need for a subject; avoid using personal pronouns
Academic writing: more complex
Density of language:
Content words vs function words
Lexical density
Academic writing
Has a more formal structure
Uses more referencing
Reading comprehension
Reading comprehension
Part II:
- Reading comprehension
- Proofreading
- citation and referencing
Suggested time allocation: 30 minutes
Reading comprehension
Some problems found in the answers
- not actually answering the questions
- problematic answers
- misunderstanding of the content
- grammar
Reading comprehension
Not actually answering the questions
Q2. What is 'extraterrestrial life'?
It means some other life-forms rather than earth's.
compare
It means life-orm in other planet may attack on Earth.
Reading comprehension
Not actually answering the questions
Q3. What inspired the producers to make films about outer space?
Science-fiction stories of extraterrestrial life. The classic one is H.G. Wells's War of the Worlds.
compare
The classic science-fiction story, 'H. G. Wells's War of the Worlds.
Reading comprehension
Problematic answers
Q5. What does 'them' (in line 29, page 1) refer to?
The alien creatures and their spaceship.
Can spaceships abduct and examine the people?
Reading comprehension
Problematic answers
Q7. What do the US authorities say about the Roswell Case?
The US authorities say not think ...
say: generally expressing an opinion or admit a fact
think: can mean imagine, are not sure
Reading comprehension
Misunderstanding of the content
Q5. What does 'them' (in line 29, page 1) refer to?
People who claimed that they have seen alien creatures and their spaceships.
large numbers of people have actually claimed to have seen alien creatures and their spaceships, and these large numbers of people have even claimed to have been abducted and examined by them
Reading comprehension: Answers
When?
Q1. When did people find out that Mars could be another planet like Earth?
In the nineteenth century
Reading comprehension: Answers
Q2. What is 'extraterrestrial life'?
Morphology: how words are constructed e.g stems, prefixes and suffixes
Reading comprehension: Answers
extra - terrestrial
Reading comprehension: Answers
extra - terrestrial
Life outside the Earth
Reading comprehension: Answers
Q3. What inspired the producers to make films about outer space?
H. G. Wells's War of the Worlds
intelligent origin
Reading comprehension: Answers
Q4. What does it mean by 'with an intelligent origin'?
US CIA: Central Intelligence Agency
The CIA seal features several symbols: an eagle for alertness, a shield for defense, and a compass rose for global intelligence collection.
Reading comprehension: Answers
intelligent origin
Reading comprehension: Answers
Q4. What does it mean by 'with an intelligent origin'?
Originally for collecting information
Reading comprehension: Answers
Q5. What does 'them' (in line 29, page 1) refer to?
Alien creatures
Q6. What is the Roswell case?
An alien spaceship crashed near Roswell in the state of New Mexico.
Reading comprehension: Answers
Q7. What do the US authorities say about the Roswell Case?
The US authorities say it is nonsense and that people saw weather balloons and test flights of secret weapons rather than aliens
Q8. What is 'unique'?
The only one
From Etymology Dictionary
Reading comprehension: Answers
one reason; unusual
Q9. Give one reason why Earth is considered to be an unusual planet?
- sheltered by Jupiter
- located in a rare asteroid-free zone
- contains a wide range of elements for the existence/survival of complex organisms.
Reading comprehension: Answers
for survival
Q10. What are the criteria for the survival of planets like Earth?
- have stable conditions 'necessary' for evolution to take place
- presence of heavy metals
- small, stable and not hit by rays and rocks