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The Industrial Age

The Industrial Age

Section 1: Transcontinental Railroad

Essential Questions:

How was it built?

Section 1: Studying History

1) transcontinental

2) subsidies

3) immigrants

Transcontinental?

Transcontinental

  • Trans = across

  • Continental = refers to a continent

  • So, "across a continent"

1860 Rail lines

  • Not many rail lines west of the Mississippi River

More on TR

The Two Companies

2 Companies

Pacific Railroad Act 1862:

1) Central Pacific

Company

2) Union Pacific Company

Union Pacific

  • Built west from Omaha

  • Labor was comprised of civil war veterans, African Americans, and Irish immigrants = a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country

Union Pacific

Central Pacific

Central Pacific

  • Built east from Sacramento, CA

  • Labor was comprised largely of Chinese immigrants

  • Sierra Nevada Mountain Range

Line Finished

  • Completed May 10 1869

  • Promontory , Utah

  • 1,700 miles long

  • Central Pacific = 742
  • Union Pacific = 1,038 miles

Government Helps

Government Helps

  • Subsidies - Money or goods given by a person or government to a business or an industry to support a project that benefits the public

  • Loans

  • Land grants

Section 2: RR -Improvements and Impact

Section 2: Impact of Railroads

Essential Questions:

How did the railroads impact the American economy? What were some of the early railroad improvements?

1) Gauge

2) Network

3) Janney car couplers

4) Pullman sleeping Car

5) Raw materials

6) Produce

7) Time zones

8) Consolidation

9) Railroad Baron

10) Cornelius Vanderbilt

Growth of Railroads

  • By 1883, railroad companies built two more TR lines and dozens of shorter lines.

Growth of Railroads

Growth of Railroads

More on Growth of Railroads

  • Railroad building grew tremendously in the last part of the 1800s

US Railroad Track

  • 1860 = 30K miles
  • 1900= 193K miles

Impact on the Economy

Impact

  • RRs had huge impact on the economy

  • Powers the growing U.S. economy

How?

How?

  • Freight trains carried raw materials like iron ore, coal, minerals, and timber to cities where they supplied these raw materials for industrial use.

  • Raw materials -materials that have not been processed and are used to make other things

  • Freight cars then carried finished products/manufactured goods from industry to markets in all parts of the nation

Food and Workers

Food and Workers

  • Produce was also transported to markets - the growing urban labor force -crops shipped by train from farms to cities

  • Produce = things that have been produced or grown, especially by farming

  • Trains brought thousands of workers west - ranchers and farmers were the new wave of settlers

Specific Industries

Specific

Industries

  • At first, iron industry grows because of iron tracks and locomotives

  • Then railroads began using tracks of steel - shift helped the steel industry to grow

  • Lumber industry helped by RR as it supplied wood for railway ties

  • Coal industry also helped by RR as it supplied the fuel

  • In addition RR companies provided thousands of jobs

Time Zones

  • To make rail service safer and more reliable the country was divided into four different time zones

Time Zones

RR Changes Society

Time Zones

  • Changes the way people think - how far is it to there from here?

  • Unites different regions of the country

  • Redistributes the population

  • Some businesses move out west

A Problem with RRs

Problem

  • Each RR built its own tracks to its own specs - different gauges

  • No unified code

  • tracks not interchangeable

  • Travel/shipping is inefficient and more expensive

Solution to Gauge Problem

Solution to Gauge Problem

  • A standard gauge began to be used as railroad companies consolidated (more on consolidation later).

  • This created a network, or system of connected lines.

New Technology for RR

New RR Technology

  • 1. Air brakes-George Westinghouse

  • 2. Janney car coupler-Eli H. Janney

  • 3. Refrigerator Cars- Gustavus Swift

  • 4. Pullman sleeping car—George Pullman

Video Clips: RR Technology

History Video Clip

Consolidation

Consolidation

  • Along with expansion of railroads came consolidation

  • Consolidation = the practice of combining separate companies

  • Why? Large company buys small company and becomes more efficient = more cost savings = more money

Railroad Barons

RR Barons

  • After consolidation, a few powerful men known as railroad barons controlled the nation's rail roads

  • baron = one who possesses great power or influence in some field of activity

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Cornelius Vanderbilt

  • CV was one of the first RR barons

  • One of the richest men in America

  • His railroad empire stretched from NYC to the Great Lakes

Other Barons

Other RR Barons

  • There were other barons like James J. Hill, Collis P. Huntington, and Leland Stanford

  • Very competitive with few laws limiting their businesses

Video Clip: Cornelius Vanderbilt and The Biltmore Estate

History Video Clip

Section 3: Inventions Change Society

Section 3: Inventions Change Society

Essential Questions:

How did innovations in communications change society? How did inventions improve people's lives?

1) Samuel Morse

2) telegraph

3)Morse Code

4) Alexander Graham Bell

5) Telephone

6) Thomas Edison

7) Light Bulb

8) Henry Ford

9) Assembly Line

Samuel Morse

  • Developed the telegraph with other inventors during the 1830's (Morse gets most of the credit)

  • The telegraph is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances.

Samuel Morse

Telegraph

Telegraph

  • A telegraph message sent by an electrical telegraph operator or telegrapher using Morse code was known as a telegram.

  • Morse sent first telegram in 1844 from Baltimore to Washington DC

  • By 1860 U.S. had thousands of miles of telegraph lines

Morse Code

Morse Code

  • Morse code is a method of transmitting text information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment. It is named for Samuel F. B. Morse.

  • Each Morse code symbol represents either a text character (letter or numeral) or a prosign and is represented by a unique sequence of dots and dashes.

Benefits

Benefits

  • Instant communication over long distances - faster than written communication

  • In 1866 telegraph cable was laid across the Atlantic Ocean - connected US to Europe instantly

  • Businesses, individuals , and governments all benefited

Video Clip:

Morse Code

History Video Clip

Telephone

Samuel Morse

  • Alexander Graham Bell -Credited for inventing the telephone. It was his design that was first patented, however, he was not the first inventor to come up with the idea of a telephone.

  • Greater impact on communications than the telegraph

Bell

Bell

  • Born (in 1847) and educated in Scotland

  • Moved to united states as young man

  • Studied methods for teaching people with hearing impairments to speak

  • Experimented with sending the sound of a voice over electrical wires

AT&T � Following Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in 1876, he and his financial backers, Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, formed the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. AT&T was incorporated in 1885 as a subsidiary of Bell, to build and operate the first long-distance telephone network. In 1899, AT&T bought Bell's assets and became the parent company of the entire Bell system.

Development

Development

  • First telephone call = 1876 - Bell to assistant Thomas Watson - "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you!"

  • By 1890's he had sold hundreds of thousands of phones. Businesses were the first customers then people brought it home

Benefits

Benefits

  • Better communication than telegraph

  • Easier to use and more convenient

Video Clip:

Telephone

History Video Clip

Thomas Edison

Thomas Edison

  • One of America's greatest inventors . He was also a businessman

  • Invented/developed the phonograph, motion picture projector, the storage battery, and the first workable lightbulb

Childhood

Childhood

  • Edison had trouble in school because of his poor hearing

  • Mother taught him at home

  • Loved science and his mother allowed him to set up a chemistry lab in the family's basement

Light Bulb

Lightbulb

  • Developed first workable lightbulb in 1879

  • Then he designed power plants that could produce electric power and send it over a wide area

  • In 1882, Edison built the first central electric power plant in New York City.

  • Current War = Edison Vs Nikola Tesla

Video Clip:

Thomas Edison

History Video Clip

Henry Ford

Henry Ford

  • Founder of the Ford Motor Company

  • Henry Ford DID NOT invent the car or the assembly line, as many mistakenly believe.

  • However, he did play a huge role in the innovation of both.

Key Vocabulary Words

1) Assembly Line

2) Specialization

3) Mass Production

Key Vodcab Words

Assembly Line

Assembly line - Factory method in which work moves past stationary workers who perform a single task.

Specialization

Specialization -The limiting of one’s study or work to one particular area, or a particular area of knowledge.

Mass Production

Mass Production - Factory production of goods in large quantities.

Childhood

Childhood

  • Born in Michigan in 1863

  • Grew up on a farm

  • Didn't care for farm life, but liked to fix and assemble equipment around the farm

Ford's Vision

Vision

  • Ford would move on to Detroit and work as an engineer in the 1890's

  • He had an interest in automobiles and a vision = to build an inexpensive car that would last a lifetime

Ford Quadricycle

Ford Quadricycle

In 1896, Ford built his first automobile, the Ford Quadricycle. This was a light metal frame fitted with four bicycle wheels and powered by a two-cylinder, four-horsepower gasoline engine).

- Did not go into production

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCKrSBPifZE

Ford Motor Company

Ford Motor Company

  • Ford founds the Ford Motor Company in 1903

  • Developed the Model A automobile - but did not meet his vision

  • 1908 Ford introduced the Model T to the public and it became extremely successful

Model T

Model T

  • Simply put - The most influential vehicle of all time

  • For the first time car ownership became a reality for average American workers, not just the wealthy

  • Practical, affordable transportation for the common man, it quickly became prized for its low cost, durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance

  • It changed the way Americans live, work and travel.

Model T

  • More than 15 million Model Ts sold from 1908 to 1927

  • Initially selling for around $850 (around $22,000 in today’s dollars), the Model T would later sell for as little as $260 ( less than $4,000 today) for the basic no-extras model

  • Accounted for about half of the automobiles in the world at that time

  • More than any other vehicle, responsible for accelerating the automobile’s introduction into American society during the first quarter of the 20th century

More on the Model T

Assembly Line/Workers

Assembly line

  • Henry Ford pioneered a new less expensive way to manufacture cars - the assembly line.

  • The moving assembly line created the mass-production process, which influenced the “machine age.” It also enabled Ford to steadily decrease the price of the Model T.

  • The Model T was responsible for establishing a minimum wage and the eight-hour workday. The $5 a day minimum wage is often cited as having helped establish the middle-class.

Assembly line =

Efficiency UP

Cost Down

Video Clip:

Henry Ford

History Video Clip

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