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World War I
Wilson's Foreign Policy
Similar approach as earlier presidents
Wilson's Foreign Policy
"Moral imperialism" - the US had a responsibility to teach other countries democracy
Latin America
Wilson sent Marines to occupy Haiti - 1915
Latin America
Established a military government in the Dominican Republic
Mexico
Mexican revolution began in 1911
1914 - Wilson sent troops to Veracruz and a small battle occurred
Mexico
1916 - sent 10k troops into northern Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa
World War One
World War I
Alliance System
After unifying Germany in 1871, Bismarck saw that Germany was vulnerable
Alliance System
Bismarck formed alliances
Three Emperor’s League 1873
Dual Alliance with Austria 1879
Triple Alliance with Austria and Italy 1882
Wilhelm II
Grandson of Britain’s Queen Victoria
Crippled left arm at birth
Competitive with British cousins
Wilhelm II
Germany refuses to renew alliance with Russia
Kaiser Wilhelm II orders construction of large navy
The Balkans
Ottoman Empire falls apart
The Balkans
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo- June 28, 1914
The July Crisis
Austrian ultimatum to Serbia on July 24, 1914
Austria declares war on Serbia July 28, 1914
Germany declares war on Russia August 1, 1914
Germany declares war on France August 3, 1914
July Crisis
Britain allied with Russia and France
Germany invades neutral Belgium
The Great War
Central Powers
Triple Entente (Allies)
The Great War
The Western Front - Trench Warfare
War expands to Asia, Africa, and the Middle East
The Eastern Front
Germany invades Russia in 1914
War becomes upopular in Russia
The Eastern Front
February Revolution - March 1917 - depose the Czar
October Revolution - Nov. 1917
Neutrality
Wilson pledges to keep the US out of the war
US supporting France and Britain with munitions and supplies
Neutrality
1916 Presidential Campaign - "kept you out of the war"
Lusitania - May 1915
Zimmerman Telegram - March 1917
US Declares War
April 2, 1917 - "The world must be made safe for democracy."
US Declares War
Fourteen Points - Jan. 1918
Self-determination for all nations
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Fourteen Points
Open diplomacy
Readjusment of colonial claims
"General association of nations"
Peace
US breaks the stalemate in the war
Peace
War losses lead to revolution in Germany
Armistice - Nov. 11, 1918
Treaty of Versailles
League of Nations
New Maps
Austria-Hungarian Empire dissolved
Ottoman Empire dissolved
New Maps
New nations in central and eastern Europe
Outcomes of WWI
Outcomes
16+ million deaths
10 million military personnel
7 million civilians
20 million wounded
7 million soldiers permanently disabled
2 million died from diseases
6 million missing presumed dead
Over 50 million people died worldwide from Spanish Flu
Homefront
Once Wilson moved to support war, most progressives joined him
Homefront
Wartime State
Selective Service Act - May 1917 - 24 million men registered for the draft
Military grew from 120k to 5 million men
Wartime
State
New Federal agencies to regulate industry, transportation, labor relations, and agriculture
Propaganda
Wilson administration responded to antiwar message of the Socialist Party
Propaganda
Committee on Public Information (CPI) - govt. agency to promote US involvement in the war
Themes: national unity, repulsive character of the enemy, war as a grand crusade of liberty and democracy
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/the-great-war-master-of-american-propaganda/
Preparedness
Organize the American population for the war effort
Preparedness
Suffrage
War threatened to split the movement - many suffrage leaders were opposed to the war
Alice Paul - how could the country fight for freedom abroad but not allow women the vote?
Suffrage
1920 - 19th Amendment ratified allowing women to vote in national elections
Prohibition
"Clean up society" and impose American values on immigrants
18 states dry by 1915 - proponents focused on national legislation
Prohibition
Many breweries run by German-American families
FDA - grain must be used for food not beer or liquor
1919 - 18th Amendment passed prohibiting manufacture and sale of liquor
Liberty?
1917 - Espionage Act - banned spying but also print and speech impeding the war effort
Liberty?
1918 - Sedition Act - crime to write or speak out against the "form of government" fighting the war
Who is an American?
"Race Problem"
1911- US Immigration Commission published The Dictionary of Races of Peoples - ranked immigrant races on their perceived ability to assimilate
"Race Problem"
1907 - Congress said that a woman who married an alien forfeited her American citizenship
Eugenics became widely practiced throughout the country
Anti-German
German language, culture, and products discouraged during the war
Anti-German
By 1919 a majority of states had passed laws limiting the teaching of foreign languages
African Americans
Disenfranchised from voting
Banned from most unions or any type of skilled employment
African-Americans
Labor laws of the progressive era did not affect domestic and agricultural jobs
Settlement house reformers accepted ideas of segregation of the time period
Suffrage movement largely ignored the concerns of black women
Wilson and Race
Dismissed black government employees and segregated federal offices
Birth of a Nation - first film shown in the White House
Wilson and Race
W.E.B. Du Bois
Called on educated African Americans to challenge inequality
W.E.B Du Bois
Opposed Booker T. Washington's strategy of accommodation