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Social Exclusion in SPORT

Introduction and Definition

Inclusion is the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure

Exclusion is defined as the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to enter a place.

Introduction and Definition

The Problem

The Problem

Sport is driven by exclusion.

Gender and Sex in Sport

Original definition of Gender:

The state of being male or female, typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones.

Modern definition of Gender:

Gender is the range of characteristics relating to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex, sex-based social structures, or gender identity.

Gender and Sex

Definition of Sex:

The world Health Organization (WHO) defines sex as an individuals biological features

Gender in Sport

Gender in Sport

Hannah Mouncey

- While sport promotes integration, it also promotes

discrimination.

- Key determinant of sport participation is perception.

- Significant gender difference in sport preferences;

o Females drawn to individual, non-contact sports.

o Males drawn to tough, fast, contact sports.

- Youths have a strong fear of being judged, this promotes

filtered behavior.

- Study revealed females encouraged to be less dependent,

link between sport and masculinity already made by primary

school age.

- Originally born Callum Mouncey.

- Represented Australia in Mends Handball.

- International Olympic Committee (IOC) list a 12-

month hormone therapy guideline before

athlete is eligible to compete.

- Bid to play both women’s Handball and AFLW was

declined even though Mouncey had completed the

required period of hormone therapy

Sex in Sport

o Categorisation of men and women

o Gender bi-categorisation - defining the official status of

citizens

o Emphasises of gender features (masculinisation or feminisation)

Sex in Sport

Caster Semenya

- Does not look like most female athletes

- People questioned whether she really was a

women

- Prior to being awarded her gold medal in 2009

she was asked by a reporter about a story

regarding her sex

- a circulating rumor suggested that Semenya’s

sex was unclear and that she had been required

to undergo gender- verification testing prior to

the race

- Reported that she had neither ovaries nor a

uterus, and triple the testosterone level of a

typical female.

- Underwent a ‘gender verification test’

What the public want to see.

What the public want to see

The Media shows what the society is the most interested in.

TOP OF MIND

Focus

Focus

Media is focusing on male sport.

Bryant, J.(1980)

PRINT

TELEVISION

RADIO

ONLINE

http://feministing.com/2015/06/18/chart-of-the-day-women-get-only-2-3-percent-of-tv-sports-news-coverage/

History

History

Invented from males

The reason for that is based on the history of sports.

Women weren't allowed to participate.

Power is on the men's side.

Bellis, Mary (2018)

Government

and private investors

Government

MONEY

Influencing the minds of the public.

TOP OF MIND

https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga/news/so-profitieren-staedte-und-laender-von-der-bundesliga.jsp

Disability

Disability and Ability

Definition of disability sport: limitations in physical, mental or sensory functional ability and activity that prevent or compromise equitable participation in able-bodied sport (Claudine 1999).

  • life of disability, sit in a site of social exclusion (Fitzgerald, 2009).
  • Less opportunity

Studies

Current Studies (Spencer- Cavaliere, 2017)

• When the superior lacks knowledge, it automatically places the sporting site as a socially exclusive field.

  • Feel excluded -due to lack of knowledge =negative actions

Understanding

  • Benching player
  • Set plays/drills
  • No games due to guilt
  • Unable to teach their players/students

Coaches/Teachers

Different settings for disability in sport

Settings

1. Integrated setting

2. Segregated setting

3. Reverse integration

  • Still yet to see on the other side of the spectrum

Example

Wheelchair Football

  • Someone with full functioning legs can participate (at highest level)

  • Someone in a wheelchair cant participate in the AFL

  • Level of ability a person has plays a major factor of social exclusion in sport

Ability

Definition: Talent, skill, or proficiency in a particular area

  • Picked based on the ability of the child's skills
  • Those whom don't, back away from sport = SOCIAL EXCLUSION

  • Happens in ALL levels of sport and at ALL ages

Ability

Premier League Soccer

Coach

  • Accredited coach= 'great coach'
  • certain standard of ability, the coaching approach he took changed a lot of the girls lives in regard to soccer
  • If you didn’t do things right you would be benched
  • Season before: girls dropped down to reserves
  • Season after: team quit the sport or moved teams

Example

SOCIAL EXCLUSION

Social Exclusion still exist in SPORTS

  • Won't be able to change if mindset of society doesn't change

  • Male driven world!

  • Sex and Gender ARE a topic in sports nowadays

  • Not enough programs to change things over a long time period.

Summary

References

Claudine, S. (1999). Disability Sport and Classification Theory: A New Era. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 1999 16:3, 206-215

Fitzgerald, H. (2009). Bringing disability into youth sport. In H. Fitzgerald (Ed.), Disability and youth sport (pp. 1–8). Abingdon, UK: Routledge

Spencer-Cavaliere, N., Thai, J., & Kingsley, B. (2017). A Part of and Apart from Sport: Practitioners’ Experiences Coaching in Segregated Youth Sport. Social Inclusion, 5(2), 120-129.

Baker Beck, Debra. 1998. “The ‘F’ Word: How the Media Frame Feminism.” NWSA Journal 10(1):139–53. Google Scholar, Crossref

Young, Iris Marion. (1979). "The Exclusion of Women from Sport.

Conceptual and Existential Dimensions." Philosophy in Context, Volume 9: pp 44-53

Harrison, K., Fredrickson, B. L., (2003). "Women's Sports Media, Self-Objectification, and Mental Health in Black and White Adolescent Females." Journal of Communication, Volume 53, Issue 2, Pages 216–232,

Bryant, J.(1980). A two-year selective investigation of the female in sport as reported in the paper media. Arena Review, 4, pp 32–44.

Bellis, Mary, (2018). "The History of Sports, From Ancient Times to Modern Day". History and Culture. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-sports-1992447

Elling, A., & Knoppers, A. (2005). Sport, Gender and Ethnicity: Practices of Symbolic Inclusion/exclusion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(3), 257-265. doi: 10.1007/s10964-005-4311-6

Collins, M., Collins, M. F., & Kay, T. (2014). Sport and Social Exclusion : Second edition. Florence : Taylor and Francis, 2014, 95-97.

Oxford University Press 2018, Inclusion, viewed on 13 May 2018 <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/inclusion>

Cambridge university press 2018, exclusion, viewed on 13 may 2018 <https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/exclusion>

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