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Inclusion is the action or state of including or of being included within a group or structure
Exclusion is defined as the act of not allowing someone or something to take part in an activity or to enter a place.
Sport is driven by exclusion.
Original definition of Gender:
The state of being male or female, typically used with reference to social and cultural differences rather than biological ones.
Modern definition of Gender:
Gender is the range of characteristics relating to, and differentiating between, masculinity and femininity. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex, sex-based social structures, or gender identity.
Definition of Sex:
The world Health Organization (WHO) defines sex as an individuals biological features
Hannah Mouncey
- While sport promotes integration, it also promotes
discrimination.
- Key determinant of sport participation is perception.
- Significant gender difference in sport preferences;
o Females drawn to individual, non-contact sports.
o Males drawn to tough, fast, contact sports.
- Youths have a strong fear of being judged, this promotes
filtered behavior.
- Study revealed females encouraged to be less dependent,
link between sport and masculinity already made by primary
school age.
- Originally born Callum Mouncey.
- Represented Australia in Mends Handball.
- International Olympic Committee (IOC) list a 12-
month hormone therapy guideline before
athlete is eligible to compete.
- Bid to play both women’s Handball and AFLW was
declined even though Mouncey had completed the
required period of hormone therapy
o Categorisation of men and women
o Gender bi-categorisation - defining the official status of
citizens
o Emphasises of gender features (masculinisation or feminisation)
Caster Semenya
- Does not look like most female athletes
- People questioned whether she really was a
women
- Prior to being awarded her gold medal in 2009
she was asked by a reporter about a story
regarding her sex
- a circulating rumor suggested that Semenya’s
sex was unclear and that she had been required
to undergo gender- verification testing prior to
the race
- Reported that she had neither ovaries nor a
uterus, and triple the testosterone level of a
typical female.
- Underwent a ‘gender verification test’
The Media shows what the society is the most interested in.
TOP OF MIND
Media is focusing on male sport.
Bryant, J.(1980)
TELEVISION
RADIO
ONLINE
http://feministing.com/2015/06/18/chart-of-the-day-women-get-only-2-3-percent-of-tv-sports-news-coverage/
Invented from males
The reason for that is based on the history of sports.
Women weren't allowed to participate.
Power is on the men's side.
Bellis, Mary (2018)
MONEY
Influencing the minds of the public.
TOP OF MIND
https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga/news/so-profitieren-staedte-und-laender-von-der-bundesliga.jsp
Definition of disability sport: limitations in physical, mental or sensory functional ability and activity that prevent or compromise equitable participation in able-bodied sport (Claudine 1999).
• When the superior lacks knowledge, it automatically places the sporting site as a socially exclusive field.
Understanding
Coaches/Teachers
1. Integrated setting
2. Segregated setting
3. Reverse integration
Definition: Talent, skill, or proficiency in a particular area
Coach
SOCIAL EXCLUSION
Claudine, S. (1999). Disability Sport and Classification Theory: A New Era. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 1999 16:3, 206-215
Fitzgerald, H. (2009). Bringing disability into youth sport. In H. Fitzgerald (Ed.), Disability and youth sport (pp. 1–8). Abingdon, UK: Routledge
Spencer-Cavaliere, N., Thai, J., & Kingsley, B. (2017). A Part of and Apart from Sport: Practitioners’ Experiences Coaching in Segregated Youth Sport. Social Inclusion, 5(2), 120-129.
Baker Beck, Debra. 1998. “The ‘F’ Word: How the Media Frame Feminism.” NWSA Journal 10(1):139–53. Google Scholar, Crossref
Young, Iris Marion. (1979). "The Exclusion of Women from Sport.
Conceptual and Existential Dimensions." Philosophy in Context, Volume 9: pp 44-53
Harrison, K., Fredrickson, B. L., (2003). "Women's Sports Media, Self-Objectification, and Mental Health in Black and White Adolescent Females." Journal of Communication, Volume 53, Issue 2, Pages 216–232,
Bryant, J.(1980). A two-year selective investigation of the female in sport as reported in the paper media. Arena Review, 4, pp 32–44.
Bellis, Mary, (2018). "The History of Sports, From Ancient Times to Modern Day". History and Culture. https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-sports-1992447
Elling, A., & Knoppers, A. (2005). Sport, Gender and Ethnicity: Practices of Symbolic Inclusion/exclusion. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34(3), 257-265. doi: 10.1007/s10964-005-4311-6
Collins, M., Collins, M. F., & Kay, T. (2014). Sport and Social Exclusion : Second edition. Florence : Taylor and Francis, 2014, 95-97.
Oxford University Press 2018, Inclusion, viewed on 13 May 2018 <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/inclusion>
Cambridge university press 2018, exclusion, viewed on 13 may 2018 <https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/exclusion>