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Coral Brochure

by: Bridget Cantu

15/11/2022

Coral Information

What are Coral Polyps?

A coral polyp has a small tube body with tentacles all around the top, in the middle you can find an opening that has two functions.

Atoll

The shape is usually circular or oval, with an open lagoon in the middle.

Formed when a fringing reef continues growing upward from volcanic island after sinking fully below sea level.

Barrier

Types of Reefs

Border shoreline that are separated from the land by an area of water.

Creates a lagoon of often open deep water between the shore and reef.

Fringing

Most common reef, grows seaweed directly from the shore.

Forming borders along shoreline and surrounding islands.

Why?

They are organized of hundreds to thousands of individual animals, they are known as coral polyps.

since they are all in groups they form communities making them colonial

Colonial?

Reproduction

Capable of reproducing sexually and asexually. This means they can make another generation with or without a partner.

To preform sexually they can either do external fertilization called broadcast spawning, or internal fertilization called brooding.

Babies?

External Fertilization

Both genders of coral releasing massive amounts of eggs and sperm. All into the water column during events that are synchronized

Broadcast Spawning

Internal Fertilization

Brooding

Only the sperm is released into water column so currents can carry it to a female for them to fertilize the egg.

The sperm is negatively buoyant once thrown in water allowing movement by currents.

How do they feed?

Consume

Most corals have a mutually beneficial relationship with an algae known as zooxanthellae.

Most corals capture and consume live prey being microscopic zooplankton to small fish, depends on size of coral.

They use their tentacles with nematocysts or singing cells to stun and kill prey before passing to the mouth.

Once digested, waste leaves out same opening it came through.

Coral Polyps

and

Zooxanthellae

Symbiotic relationship between coral polyps and zooxanthellae

Microscopic unicellular organisms that live within the cells of the coral's stomach lining.

90% of the organic material the algae makes photosynthetically is given to the coral's tissue.

Which animals inhabit here?

Species

There is multiple different species living within the Great Barrier Reef such as...

More than 1,500 different fish, here are ten

Fish

1.Damselfish

2.Wrasses

3.Tusk Fish

4.Blennies

5.Butterflyfish

6.Triggerfish

7.Clownfish

8.Pufferfish

9.Angelfish

10.Scorpionfish

More than 2,900 but here are 10

Coral

1.Bottlebrush

2.Bubble

3.Brain

4.Mushroom

5.Staghorn

6.Tabletop

7.Needletop

8.Plate

9.Disk

10.Tube

10,000 molluscs but here are 9

Mollusks

1.Oysters

2.Clam

3.Squid

4.Octopus

5.Cuttlefish

6.Nautilus

7.Nudibranchs

8Chitons

9.Snails

Over 400 but here are 10

Seaweed

1.Halimeda

2.Coralline algae

3.Corallina officinalis

4.Caulerpa

5.Chlorella

6.Ecklonia Radiata

7.Phyllospora Comosa

8.Macrocystis Pyrifera

9Ulva Compressa

10.Hormosira

581 but here are 10

Birds

1.Australia Pipit

2.Grey Wagtail

3.Yellow Wagtail

4.House sparrow

5.Gouldain finch

6.Pictorella mannikin

7.Nutmeg mannkin

8.Star Finch

9.Crimson finch

10.Zevra Finch

30 mil but 15 found, here are 10

Sea Snakes

1.Olive

2. Banded sea krait

3. Turtle-headed

4.Stokes'

5.Horned

6.Yellow-bellied

7.Leaf-scaled

8.Elegant

9.Dubois'

10.small-headed

Only 6 not endangered

1.Green

2.Loggerhead

3.Hawksbill

4.Flatback

5.Pacific ridley

6.Leatherback

Sea Turtles

What are 3 natural threats to coral reefs

1.Increased surface temperature

2.Decreased sea level

3.Increased salinity

Threats

Things that can be improved today

Human

Pollution causes nutrient levels to rise allowing the rapid growth of algae and other organisms damaging coral

Coral getting destroyed because of collecting coral for aquarium and jewelry trade.

Boats

Impact

The slightest damage to coral takes multiple years to recover, this is why proper anchoring is important.

Anchors and chains shouldn't be dropped or dragging

Diver Damage

Diver

Diving damage to sensitive marine ecosystems is becoming an increased issue.

At least once during per dive, dive sites obtain damage from three main causes.

1.Trample/kicking coral with fins

2.Breaking coral as a souvenir

3.Improper boat anchorage

Illegal Fishing

Fishing

Blast Fishing-

Explosives are used to stun and or kill fish.

Disruption the food web due to this affecting all reef species involved in and near explosion

5 Tips

Map

1. Pretty coral stays pretty if left alone in its environment!

2.Plastic is considered pollution, start small and see how that little change helped coral reefs

3.Eco-certified travel operators help avoid endangered reefs

4.Avoid coral products, coral takes a long time to get back

5.Reef safe sunscreen

Great Barrier Reef

Australia

Websites

(Fitriani; Herzog; https://www.facebook.com/thoughtcodotcom; Science; US Department of Commerce)

Works Cited

Google doc

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1rhuuCaI5g6XudIJdpuLGXdISgyGj1zdh2UFQ6JJ78S4/edit?usp=sharing

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