Copy of Chapter 25: India

H. Today India is the world's

most populous democracy

IV. Population Patterns

A. 1.2 billion people; 2nd only to China

3. mercantilism- colonies supplied raw materials to the

colonizing country, which then sold finished goods back to

the colony.

4. The imperialist policy of the British government led it to

take direct control of India.

a. introduced the English language, restructured the

educational system, built railroads, & developed a civil

service & judiciary.

b. Indians were not treated as equal citizens & were forced

to pay the costs of British domination.

5. Indian National Congress began calling for independence.

6. 1919 Gandhi employed Indians to use nonviolence, and

Indians won their independence in 1947.

7. After independence, India developed a series of five year

plans under Prime Minister Nehru.

8. Nehru dies, and his daughter (Indira) becomes prime

minister

9. She is assassinated in 1984, and her son (Rajiv) becomes

prime minister.

B. Most Indians belong to one of two ethnic groups.

1. Dravidians

a. south

b. 22% of Indians

2. Indo-Aryan

a. 75% of Indians

b. north

ideas about social structure

2. Mahabharata

a. Bhagavad Gita

b. longest poem written with

over 100,000 verses

3. Ramayana

a. 24,000 verses

b. 7 books

C. Population density- 1050 people per square mile

D. India's cities are some of the world's largest.

V. Society and Culture

C. 80% of people in India are Hindus

1. Many Muslims identify by a jati.

2. The highest jati is Brahmans

3. The lowest is Shudras

6. Animals- elephants, tigers, rhinoceros, and several species

A. People of India speak more than

1000 languages.

B. 22 official languages

D. 13% are Muslims

E. Gupta Empire united much of India & built an

advanced civilization

F. A Muslim dynasty of mixed Mongol and Turkish

heritage, the Moguls (Mughals), ruled most of India

from 1526 to the 1800s.

G. the final invaders were Europeans

1. British East India Co. tightened control over

India

2. British East India Co. employed

mercantilism

rhinoceros, several species of tigers & monkeys, other primates, 1200 species of

E. smaller group of Christians or Sikh

1. many Sikh live in northwestern India

2. many want an independent state

birds, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, & turtles

F. About 1% are Buddhists even though Buddhism

developed in India

D. Natural Resources

1. iron ore, copper, bauxite, zinc, lead, gold, silver,

petroleum, coal, uranium, and wood

2. 1/2 the land in India is used for agriculture.

III. History and Government

G. Village Life and City Life

1. higher jatis live in the center of the village

2. Muslims and lower jatis live outside the village center

3. people would gather in open spaces like the panchayat ( village council)

4. village school is on the edge of the village

5. homes are small w/ one or two rooms

6. animals & people share spaces, few people have

running water & electricity

H. Family Life

1. many live in extended families in which

several generations live in one

household

A. India's history dates back over 4500 years to the

Indus Valley civilization

B. The Aryans created a rigid social structure

based on castes.

C. caste (jati) is the social position into which a

person is born.

D. sacred writings

1. Vedas

a. form basis of Hindu religion

b. outline Aryan

VI. Economic Activities

A. Indian government opened its economy to

direct foreign government in the 1990's

B. Indian government deregulated many industries &

turned over government-run companies to private

investors..

C. changes contributed to economic growth & economic

inequality.

D. 50% of India's peoples work in agriculture

1. rice, wheat, & other grains are India's most important crops

2. pulses, chickpeas, and lentils are also grown

3. large plantations grow bananas, coffee, tea, & cotton

3. tsunamis

a. triggered by underwater earthquakes

b. huge waves

D. Climates and Biomes

1. 1/4 of India's land is forest

2. humid subtropical climate zone

a. in the north

b. 80 inches or more of rainfall annually

c. tropical evergreen & mixed evergreen

deciduous forests

3. areas with 60 to 80 inches of annual rainfall have

mostly tropical deciduous trees

4. areas w/less than 60 inches of rain are dry

deciduous forests

5. tropical palms, bamboo are found throughout

India

II. Water Systems

E. India has millions of well-educated, English-speaking people

who work in the growing high-tech industry.

F. India is one of the world's largest exporters of high-technology

services & software workers.

G. Indian computer professionals are in high demand around the

world.

H. India's has large oil reserves, but it's oil consumption

increases every year. India produces about 1 million

barrels of oil per day, but uses about 3 million per

day.

A. 3 major river systems-

VI. Human Impact

1. the Ganges

a. named after the Hindu god

Ganga

2. the Brahmaputra

3. the Indus

B. Climates, Biomes, & Resources

1. Monsoons formed because of the difference in

temperatures of the air over the ocean & the air

over the landmass

2. Monsoons cause heavy rains from mid-June to

the end of September

C. Natural Disasters

1. large amounts of rainfall cause flooding

2. cyclones

a. are similar to hurricanes

b. bring torrential rains and winds that can

reach 100 miles per hour.

H. Many people in India work

in cottage industries.

VII. Managing Resources

A. India's economy has grown rapidly, & the country has

made significant advances in reducing poverty and

improving the education and health of its citizens.

B. India's forests

1. provides jobs for 250 million people

2. 40% of forests are degraded

3. removal of forests increases erosion & flooding

I. Landforms

A. 160 million years ago, a large landmass

broke away from Africa and collided

w/ Asia

C. Air and water pollution a concern

1. pollution of ground water is a growing health threat

2. India's water has high levels of chemicals that make it unsafe to

drink

3. India's groundwater is polluted by arsenic, fluoride, & heavy

metals

4. excessive fertilizer runoff, pollution from human & industrial

wastes also contaminate water supplies

5. air pollution is another problem

6. overcrowding in urban areas causes air pollution

b/c of increase use of fossil fuels

B. Himalayas formed; highest mountains in the world

C. India is called a subcontinent b/c it is separated

from the rest of Asia by the HImalayas

D. The Himalayas meet the Karakoram Range in

northwestern South Asia.

E. Karakoram Range connects to the Hindu Kush farther

west.

F. Gangetic Plain

1. largest alluvial plain (area of fertile soil deposited

by river floodwaters)

2. India's most densely populated area

VIII. Population Patterns

G. Thar Desert is located in the west

H. Plateaus

1. Deccan Plateau covered in rich black soil

2. Chota Nagpur mineral rich

A. 1/2 of India's population lives in

the Ganges River Valley

B. large numbers of people cut down trees

illegally b/c they need the wood for

cooking

IX. Addressing the Issues

C. India is rich in farmland, but the number of people

who use this resource adds great pressure.

A. 1976, India's constitution was amended

to require the government to protect the

environment

B. India's Supreme Court (ISC) prohibited the production, distribution, & use of endosulfan.

C. Created 668 protected areas.

D. India has made great progress in providing clean

water & sanitation.

1. Between 1990 & 2008, the # of people who

lacked safe drinking water fell by half.

2. By 2008, more than half of India's people still did

not have toilets & sanitation facilities.

3. Poor sewage & waste disposal threatens

water supplies.

4. overcrowding leads to pollution of air

& water as well as the spread of

disease.

D. In 1972, the government of India passed a law to

protect wildlife from poaching and smuggling.

E. 2012 the court restricted ecotourism in India's tiger

reserves.

Chapter 25: India