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So what we already know?
- Holocene - Antropocene
- 3-6-9?
- Resilience
- Planetary boundaries
- Crossing the boundaries
Socio-Ecology
- Heavily-subsidized water-intensive wheat and cotton farming
- Encouragement of inefficient irrigation techniques: e.g. flood irrigation – 60% of water used is wasted
- Over-pumping of groundwater: Syria’s National Agricultural Policy Center: increase in wells tapping aquifers from “just over 135,000 in 1999 to more than 213,000 in 2007…caused groundwater levels to plummet in many parts of the country...”
- 2007: Syria consumed 19.2 billion cubic metres of water - 3.5 billion more than the amount of water replenished naturally
- Over-grazing of land
- Rapidly growing population
- Rising demand for meat
- Growing and increasingly affluent population
- Iraqi refugees since 2003
- Steady influx of Palestinian refugees
- Urbanization
- Syrian cities coping with influxes of Iraqi refugees since 2003, steady influx of Palestinian refugees, and from 2007-2011, around 1.5 million Syrian farmers and herders
- Cities already experiencing serious water infrastructure deficiencies – e.g. Damascus water network leaks up to 60 percent of the water it carries, according to local authorities
- 2007-2011: Francesca de Châtel: Syria experienced a “huge deterioration of [water] availability per capita,” partly as a result of a crumbling urban infrastructure...
Syrian cities coping with influxes of Iraqi refugees since 2003, steady influx of Palestinian refugees, and from 2007-2011, around 1.5 million Syrian farmers and herders
Cities already experiencing serious water infrastructure deficiencies – e.g. Damascus water network leaks up to 60 percent of the water it carries, according to local authorities
2007-2011: Francesca de Châtel: Syria experienced a “huge deterioration of [water] availability per capita,” partly as a result of a crumbling urban infrastructure.
http://www.india.com/news/world/what-is-the-crisis-in-syria-all-about-and-why-did-it-happen-this-comic-book-explains-it-all-535508/
Wayfinder (http://wayfinder.earth/)
http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2018-09-12-introducing-wayfinder.html
http://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/research-news/2018-09-12-introducing-wayfinder.html
Lets Make Connections
Planetary
Boundaries
New
Boundaries
That space may be environmentally safe, BUT
it could also be deeply socially unjust,
leaving many people living in poverty and facing extreme inequality...
Tragedy of Commons
Nash Equilibrium
Sustainability Solutions
Levels
- International
- National
- Regional
- Companies
- Institutions
- NGOs
- Communities/Grassroots
- Individual
Timeline
International
https://corporate-citizenship.com/sustainability-timeline/
NGO
Companies
Grassroots
Exam
2 H long
- 10 Quiz Questions (30 p)
- 1 Complex Question (from the book) (20 p)
e.g. What are the main solutions to the Climate Change according to Naomi Klein
- 1 Project Question (from the project) (20 p)
e.g. Please explain which method did you use in the Empathy part of your project
- 1 Essay (30 p)
e.g. Change on the individual level?