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Digestion and Absorption of Avocado and Salmon Roll

By: Lucía Gómez de la Torre S.

Ingestion:

Mouth:

Introduction:

Macronutrients involved:

Max just ate his favorite dish ever: an avocado and salmon roll! Let's take a deep look at the journey of Richard the roll as it goes through Max's digestive system and breaks down into excrement.

Carbohydrates - Rice

Teeth - As soon as Ricky enters Max's mouth, Ricky is physcially broken down by Max's teeth as it's masticated. The role of the teeth is to make Ricky break down into very small pieces so it can be easily swallowed without choking Max.

Resources:

Proteins - Salmon

Fats - Salmon and Avocado

Yummy!!!!

Salivary glands - Saliva is produced so it's easier for Max to swallow Rick as saliva moists food.

Salivary glands also produce the first enzyme in the digestive system: Salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down startch (Rick's rice) into maltose.

The masticated and moist Rick is now called bolus.

Tongue - Used for helping Rick enter the mouth, move around the mouth while being masticated and helps him to enter the throat and go down through it.

-https://drive.google.com/file/d/10SR1RH7KkmHQoFsgbG1mz5aJhghIFaqI/view

-https://drive.google.com/file/d/1F29LLoUCd2JVzJrr90Y_hIWqs9TLpS-z/view

-https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/colon#:~:text=The%20colon%20removes%20water%20and,part%20of%20the%20digestive%20system.

-https://www.healthline.com/health/pyloric-sphincter#:~:text=The%20pyloric%20sphincter%20is%20a%20ring%20of%20smooth%20muscle%20that,the%20pylorus%20to%20the%20duodenum.

-https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z9jrng8/revision/3#:~:text=Changing%20the%20pH%20will%20affect,of%20pH%20also%20denature%20enzymes.

-https://iubmb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/bmb.2005.494033022439#:~:text=Salivary%20%CE%B1%2Damylase%20has%20a,generally%20between%206.4%20and%207.0.

-https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/why-does-the-action-of-salivary-amylase-stop-in-stomach/#:~:text=Typically%20the%20pH%20in%20the,once%20it%20enters%20the%20stomach.

Images:

-https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/gastrointestinal-tract-5-anatomy-functions-large-intestine-23-09-2019/

-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villus

-https://www.google.com/search?q=villi+structure&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi9n9LsypD6AhXbGbkGHeI9Dl8Q_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1327&bih=698&dpr=2&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=41R5LSi_mSMq5M

-https://www.google.com/search?q=jejunum+and+ileum&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiV2474u5D6AhWCJrkGHa_YA0oQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=520&bih=702&dpr=2&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=M7h4Bh8OZegwWM

-https://www.brainkart.com/article/Movement-in-the-Stomach_21941/

-https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/gastroenterology/gastrointestinal-tract-1-the-mouth-and-oesophagus-28-05-2019/

Key terminology:

Colour coding guide:

Esophagus:

What is an enzyme? Enzymes are proteins that make chemical reactions in our organism act faster (catalysts).

After the mouth, the bolus (masticated Rick) moves to the Esophagus. Here there is no breaking down of food, the esophagus connects the mouth to the stomach where the food is broken down futher more. The bolus moves through the esophagus thanks to peristalsis (muscular contractions in the form of waves).

Orange = Phyisical/mechanical breaking down of food

Brown = Chemical breaking down of fodd (e.g. enzymes)

Digestion and Absorption:

Stomach:

After the esophagus, Ricky is transported to the stomach where persitalsis continues and helps in the mixing of the bolus with the gastric juice and mucus found in the stomach.

The gastic juice contains Pepsin which is an enzyme that breaks down the protein found in Richard's salmon into peptides. Also, the HCl (hydrochloric acid) that the gastric juice contains stops the action of the salivary amylase as it denatures the enzyme. Enzymes have optimum pH's at which they work best, however, if the pH is too extreme for it's optimum pH, the enzyme denatures (the shape of the enzyme, and therefore it's acive site, changes of shape and the enzymes no longer works). In this case, the salivary amylase has an optimum pH of around 7 whilst the pH in a human stomach is of around 2 (1.5-3.5).

Bile is stored here

Now Ricky is known as Chyme (thick mixture of semi digested food and enzymes).

Jejunum and Ileum:

Through peristalsis Ricky (chyme) is transported to the first section of the small intestine... the duodenum! To enter the duodenum the chyme has to pass through the Pyloric Sphincter that acts like a gate that also keeps the chyme from entering the stomach again once it leaves.

Duodenum:

After the Duodenum, the digested Rick is transported to the Jejunum (middle section of the small intestine) and then is finally transported to the Ileum (last section of the small intestine).

In the ileum, RIck meets another protein enzyme that breaks down peptones into the basic form of protein, amino acids.

The fat in the salmon continues to break down thanks to the pancreatic lipase.

The maltose from the rice is finally broken down into glucose with the enzyme maltase. Here sucrose is also broken down into glucose and fructose with the enzyme invertase and lactose is broken down into glucose and galactose with the enzyme lactase.

Finally, all the nutrients are in their simplest form.

In the duodenum, the first section of the small intestine, Rick (which is now chyme) is combined with pancreatic juice and bile that is stored in the gallbladder, produced in the liver and released into the duodenum through the common bile duct.

In this section, Rick meets the trypsin enzyme (activated when trypsogen enzyme meets enterokinsase in the duodenum) that breaks down the peptides of Rick's salmon into peptones.

Moreover, the bile from the gallbladder emulsifies (breaks down into small droplets) the fat (tryglycerides) in the salmon. Then, the pancreatic lipase enzyme breaks down the small droplets into fatty acids (insoluble) and glycerol (soluble). The insoluble fatty acids turn soluble when combined with the bile.

Also, the pancreatic amylase from the pancreatic juice continues to disintegrate startch into maltose.

Due to the alkaline pH of the bile, the Pepsin enzyme denatures here.

The absorption of vitamins and nutrients takes place throughout the whole journey through the small intestine as the walls of it has small finger-like projections called villi. Each villus has even smaller finger-like projections called micro-villus on its epithelial cells. This finger-like shape is to increase surface area and maxmimize the rate of absorption.

The simplest form of carbohydrates and proteins (monosacchrides and amino acids), and water-soluble vitamins and minerals are diffused into the blood capillaries in the villi. Then, the nutrients in the blood (therefore, in the circulatory system) are transported around the body, fulfilling their functions.

On the other hand, fatty acids, glycerol and fat-soluble vitamins diffuse into the lacteal (the middle branch of the villus) and join the lymphatic system. Then, they are transported to the liver where the fatty acids and the glycerol become soluble fats.

Large intestine (colon):

The main function of the colon is to dry up Rick (digested food) and make it harder (more stool-like texture) by absorbing mainly water and electrolytes.

Intestinal wall through a microscope

Elimination:

Rectum:

Indigested Rick is finally released through the anus.

Plop!

The end of the journey!

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