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The Antebellum Period

North, South, and Western regions

North, South, and Western Regions

North

Political

Economic

North

Aristocic

Industrial economy that focused on manufacturing

Social

More urbanized communities. White male sufferage. Abolished slavery

South

Economic

Focused on agriculture and crp production for revenue

South

Social

Much more rural than the north. More men than women as they were the ones with the most power

Political

Planter/republican aristocracy

"The planters are essentially what the nobility are in other countries...they stand at the head of society and politics"

West

Political

More true democracy as more common folks move out to the west.

Economic

Focused heavily on the crops they produced to make ends meet

West

Social

Northeners that moved west believed in the abolishen of slavery whereas the Southeners that moved over brought their slaves with them

The Missouri Compromise

  • The US established one state as a slave state and one as a free state every other entry as a way to maintain balance.

Missouri Compromise

  • Missouri was admitted as a slave state while Maine was admitted as a non-slave state at the same time.
  • Congress then outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.

North vs South

North vs South

-The South wanted to expand their slave plantations to the new states.

-They believed that it was unfair that the Arkansa Territory was disproportionately smaller than the rest of th territory from the Louisianna Purchase.

- The North did not like that Missouri was introduced as a slave state. The North believed that slavery should be abolished and the incoming states should follow through

World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted

The Election of 1844

The Election of 1844

Oregon Territory

- There were countless territorial claims to the Oregon country from North America, Aisa, and Europe. Russian and Spain formally withdrew their claims in treaties from 1824, 1825, and 1819.

- During the 1844 election, James Polk populaized the theme of manifest destiney. He believed that the US was destined to expand westward and had a right to do so.

Oregon Territory

- Polk proposed to the British to extend their territory beyond the 49th parallel. It became so popular amongst expansionist sympathizers and they introduced the slogan, "Fifthy-four Fourty or Fight!"

- This was soon dropped and the Americans stayed at the 49th parallel as tensions with Mexico grew with the recent annexation of Texas

Following the idea of manifest destiny with the Oregon Territory, many belived that the US had legal right to annex Texas.

Many Southern Americans were in favor of the annexation as it would tip the scale of slavery in the favor of the southern planters.

It was controversial as this could potentially spark conflict between the US and Mexico. These tensions got so high that it was feared a war would break out.

Texas Annexation

Consequences of Mexican Cession

Mexican Cessesion

With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico exchanged over 500,000 sq miles of territory for $15 million and the assumption of Mexican debts to Americans.

The issue of slavery was then reopened with the accumulation of this new territory. Ohio Democrat Thomas Morris warned that, "the power of slavery is aiming to govern the country."

The issue of whether or not Texas would become a free state further divided the north and the south.

Wilder's Annals of Kansas, page 138: 1856, “Far in the West rolls thunder, The tumult of battle is raging, Where bleeding Kansas is waging, Warfare with Slavery!

Compromise of 1850 vs Kansa-Nebraska Act 1854

What was it?

Compromise of 1850

- Allowed California to enter the Union as a free state

-Divided the rest of the Mexican Cession into New Mexico and Utah

-Ended the slave trade in Washington D.C.

-Included a strict fugitive law

-Settled boarder disputes between Texas and New Mexico

On January 29th, 1850, Senator Henry Clay sought to alliveate tensions between the North and the South through this compromise

This entialed the following:

What was it?

-Created the two new territories of Kansas and Nebraska

-Opened new land for settlement

-Effectively repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820

-Allowed white males to determine if they would allow slavery through popular sovereinty

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas created the Nebraska-Kansas Act on May 30, 1854.

It entailed the following:

North vs South

North/South perspectives

The South was very supportive of the Kansas-Nebraska Act as it allowed previously free land to be opened up to slavery.

Many Southeners disliked the Compromise as they believed they would lose the balance the Missouri Compromise gave them regarding free states and slave states if they allowed California in.

The North was furious about the Kansas-Nebraska Act as it went against the Missouri Compromise and allowed slavery above the 36' 30" line

The North took issue with the Fugitive Slave Act immediately. Many would refuse to enforce it as they believed it was wrong to "catch slaves"

What is popular sovereignty

Popular Sovereignty

This is the idea that all political power is vested in and derived by the people. Th governments acts based on the will of the people and solely for the betterment of the people's wellbeing.

Both the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Compromise of 1850 had significant factors that either side took issue with. The tensions between these two groups soared.

"Bleeding Kansas"

Roughly between 1855-1859, violent warfare broke out between pro-slavery symathizers and anti-slavery sympathizers.

"Bleeding Kansas"

Bleeding Kansas is thought to be one of the major events that directly lead to the start of the American Civil War

What was the Dred Scott Decision?

Dred Scott decision 1857

A man named Dred Scott appealed to local courts about his freedom as he was taken to Wisconsin (a free state) before returning to the slave state Missouri. His case gained quite a bit of traction and eventually it made its way up to the US Supreme Court. These trials went on for years and years. During his trial with the Supreme Court, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed in 1854. This repealed the Missouri Compromise which essentially voided Scott's claim to freedom. These rulings confirmed that the highest courts did not believe that Scott had any legal standing to demand his freedom.

Dred Scott

Scott was purchased by a man named John Emerson who ended up taking him to Illinois, a free state (according to the MIssouri Compromise)

Dred Scott was a man born into slavery in VIrginia. In 1818, his owner at the time moved to Alabama and then eventually to MIssouri in 1830.

Who was Dred Scott?

Ultamitely, they went to court and orignially it was ruled that Scott and his wife were free. It was overturned by the MIssouri Surpreme Court and later brought to the US Supreme Court. The case gained quite a bit of attention and support but was unfortunetly ruled agaisnt Scott.

Emerson passed away which meant that Scott and his wife were considered property of Emerson's wife, Irene. Scott tried to buy their freedom after returning to a slave state but she refused many times.

North vs South

North vs South

In the South fully supported this decision and believed that the Supreme Court rulling only further strengthend the idea of slavery. The South believed that Congress had no legal power to abolish slavery in these territories.

The North questioned whether or not this decision was something that they wanted to abide by. In fact, Abraham Lincoln was so disgusted with the decision that he immediately started taking political action through things like speaking out publically. As welll as this, many people in the north feared that slavery would rise and spread exponentially.

Impacts on the US

What impacts did this have on the US

While the South was more than pleased with the decision, the North was outraged beyond belief. This decision only further divided the two regions of the country.

This decision essentialy state that an enslaved person had zero rights in federal court.

This tension is one of the major reasons why the Southern states culmanated together in an attempt to seceed from the Union and form the Confederate States of America.

"A man is a man, until that man finds a plan, a plan that makes that man, a new man." Dred Scott.

The Election of 1860

The Election of 1860

The main issue that the candidates had to face was regarding slavery. The tensions between the North and South were growing so radically that southeners wouldn vote for an anti-slavery candidate and northerners wouldn vote for a pro-slavery candidate. Ultamitely, Abraham Lincoln won the election.

This election is considered on one of the most pivitol and influential elections of American History. The candidates were Republican Abraham Lincoln agaisnt Democrat Senator Stephen Douglas, Southern Democrat John Breckinridge, and Constitutional Union part nominee John Bell.

The Republican Party

By 1854, the Republican part had formally formed after being a coalition of the following political parties.

The Republican Party

Free Soliers: A political party that lasted from 1848-1854 when it merged with the Republican party. The party largely focused on the issue of the spread of slavery into the western territories and how to stop it.

The Northern Whigs: This was a subparty within the Whig party. They were of the belief that salvery should not be expanded to the western territories.

The Know-Nothings: A party that was focused on religious beliefs.

Impacts of the Election of 1860

Impacts

The South had every intention of expanding slavery into the west and the North wanted to stop that from happening as much a possible. By the election of 1860, the two regions were so divided politically, economically, and socially that it was only a matter of time before something like a Civil War broke out.

With Lincoln becoming president it was only expected that the south would try to seceed seeing as he was very much agaisnt slavery as a whole.

The attempted formation of the United Confederate States of America and the cecession of them caused the start of the American Civil War.

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