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Modal verbs
OBLIGATION
Must - have to
MUSTN'T = prohibition
Don't have to = lack of obligation
Obligation
We must learn English.
We have to clean our room.
You mustn't smoke in the classroom.
You don't have to help me. I can do it on my own.
We didn't have to/ didn't need to help our mother around the house when we were younger.
We had to help our grandfather with the shopping instead.
Subtopic 1
Advice
SHOULD = OUGHT TO
SHOULDN'T = OUGHTN'T TO
You should clean your teeth every day.
You ought to learn English to get a good job.
Possibility
MAY; MIGHT ;
Modals of deduction
Possibility
She may be in the mountains now. But I don't know. I am not sure.
Ability
CAN = BE ABLE TO
Ability
Ability in the past
COULD - GENERAL
WAS/WERE ABLE TO - SPECIFIC.
I could swim when I was 10 but yesterday I was able to swim only for 15 minutes because I was sick.
COULDN'T = WASN'T ABLE TO
I wasn't able to/couldn't help you yesterday because I didn't have enough money.
MODALS
IN THE PAST
Modal verb + have + V 3
Modals in the past
DEDUCTION
MUST - CAN'T
The lights were on. She must have been at home.
The lights were off. She can't have been at home yesterday.
POSSIBILITY
MAY; MIGHT
She may have changed her job if she's not here now. I don't know.
*You might/could have got killed because of you irresponsible behaviour.! (reproach)
Advice
SHOULD
You should have gone to that incredible performance!
You shouldn't have wasted your time in front of a computer screen.
* Needn't - niepotrzebnie
Something was done but it wasn't necessary
You needn't have climbed all those stairs!