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"a process of learning and social development which occurs as we interact with one another and become familiar with social worlds" (Coakley, 2015, p. 52).
Coakley, 2015
Socialization through sport occurs is an active process. An athlete is not passively influenced by coaches and teammates and the team environment. An athlete actively participates in and interprets messages from the social world of their sport.
In other words, socialization is a two way street. By deciding what to within the relationships through which we are socialized we impact social worlds in return.
Not everyone has the same options to shape their surrounding social world or choose how it shapes them. Coakley provides an example in which one athlete receives better coaching than another, and thus theoretically will have more opportunities to use that socialization through sport to better shape his or her life.
The social interaction model is the two-street concept, whereas the personal internalization model is more a one-way street concept. As a child internalizes norms from their family and society and abide them, social learning occurs.
If enough people internalize and accept the norms society operates at higher level. However, this approach has proven limited in its usefulness to exploring and explaining socialization.
Most sports sociology has relied on qualitative data gathered through in-depth interviews and field observations. Fewer subjects are studied but a more thorough understanding is obtained than through studying a larger sample size using quantitative means like written questionnaires.
The previous method gives better context much a video, while the former provides only a snapshot in time. However, the following examples are drawn from both snapshots and videos.
Coakley, 2015
You underwent a process of introduction and involvement, which probably involved having both the opportunity and the social support of parents and caretakers to participate in a variety of athletic opportunities.
Very often the introduction to those various sports occurred through your parents and other family members. They helped you whittle down your options and ultimately choose which area of sport you wanted to specialize in. All of this left you feeling personally connected to your sport.
Other relationships directly related to sports sprang up and blossomed as you advanced through childhood and into adolescence. Your own reputation and identity as an athlete emerged and was constantly being remade through relationships to teammates, coaches, scouts, recruiters, parents, fans, and sports media.
The burden of long hours spent in practice, travel, and games was made worth it as you made continuous choices to stay involved and willingly undergo the sacrifices involved with becoming elite.
The relationships formed through your sport and your identity as an athlete combined with the support system which first introduced you to the sport strengthened your commitment and resolve.
The Process of Being Accepted
Coakley, 2015
In addition to the enormous amounts of time and effort you put into developing your world-class talent, you had to navigate being accepted by other athletes in your sport.
All the praise from coaches for your talent was not enough. You had to demonstrate a baseline level of knowledge regarding your sport, as well as successfully interact with other athletes and learn what they expected of you, all so you were eventually recognized and accepted in the culture surrounding your sport.
More experienced athletes tested you before accepting you, listening to hear you say and do the right things to justify your acceptance as an athlete.
Nor was gaining acceptance a one-time thing, and even now acceptance as an athlete has been an ongoing process and you have had to fight to maintain your identity throughout your entire playing career.
Young people will choose to participate as an athlete only if they believe sports can help them gain respect and recognition, achieve more control in their lives, and cause them to be perceived as being more competent.
In your situation (going back to the elite athlete scenario), sports participation was an avenue for you to increase feelings of control of your life and allowed you explore other aspects of your personality.
Just because a child or teenager may choose to forgo participation does not mean they may not come back at a later date in life and decide sports participation will now benefit them. This illustrates how people gauge whether or not to participate differently at various ages and stages of life.
For some of your peers from childhood and adolescence, sports participation was perceived to hinder the amount of control over their lives and limited opportunities to explore other avenues to explore and develop their identities.
Looking outside of America, some of your peers from other cultures faced challenges in their societies which completely eliminated the opportunity to play sports.
Whether potential athletes choose at a young age to compete or not is heavily based on whether or not they see sports as hindering or helping their life on into the future.
Studies from the late 20th century through early 21st century concluded the following reasons regarding ending sports participation:
The why to ending sports participation is largely internal. While physical limitations play a role, most participants end their time playing sports due to personal decisions made regarding the direction of their life.
Burnout amongst athletes is a result of a "cognitive-affective syndrome characterized by perceptions of emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced accomplishment, and devaluation of sport" (Ecklund and Defreese, 2017).
The mental capacity remained, and maybe even the physical capacity, but life changing around them caused athletes to reevaluate priorities. Whether it was getting married, having a baby, or simply realizing that sports would not take you any further, participants made the decision to move on to another stage in their lives.
Whether it was due to injury or due to the fact that they had reached the pinnacle of their career with nothing left to accomplish, participants retire from sports as active members. Often these athletes turn to roles that keep them involved in the game indirectly (coaching, management, training, etc.)
Coakley, 2015
Coakley, 2015
"Today we view sports as sites for socialization experiences, rather than causes of specific socialization outcomes" (Coakley, 2015, p.69).
"Sports are social locations rich in their potential for providing memorable and meaningful personal, social, cultural experiences" (Coakley, 2015, p.69).
"Sports do not cause particular change in character traits, attitudes, and actions of athletes or spectators" (Coakley, 2015, p.69).
Sports are sites where positive and negative socialization occurs through social processes and relationships.
Participating in youth sports provide an opportunity for children to increase activity and build social skills. It also provides support in team games and has positive physical and psychological benefits.
Psychological benefits include increased confidence, motivation, and less anxiety and stress. It increases the development of friendships.
Merkel, 2013
There is a risk of injury for children who participate in youth sports.
Burnout is increased due to sport specialization. As well as, social isolation due to being engulfed in their specific sport.
Merkel, 2013
Both positive and Negative socialization occurs through sports.
Positive
Relationships are developed through experiences of athletes playing together. The memories shared and the opportunity to express their thoughts and feelings about the same experiences creates an emotional connection. This gives meaning to the sport and their lives.
Negative
Athletes do not see the team environment as a positive atmosphere where they can be open and express their true selves and feelings.
Coakley, 2015
It is important to nurture the team enviornment and strive to set a positive atmosphere among athletes. Therefore, when stress arises, those enviornmental factors are minimal, and the positive social relationships among tammates outweights the negative thoughts.
"an identifiable sphere of everyday actions and relationships" (Coakley, 2015, p. 71).
Coakley, 2015
Each specific sport is considered a social world.
Example: "the golf world"
studied through qualitative research which reveals information about socialization processes and experiences.
Coakley, 2015
Research helps outsiders get a better understanding and perception of what takes place in those worlds.
It reveals the connections and how athletes identify with sports which reflects their decisons.
Coakley, 2015
Coakley, 2015
Socialization occurs through stories that are developed and told. They give meaning to sports, which helps relate to everyday realities.
Ideas and beliefs are established, and what is "natural, normal, and legitimate" in social worlds is revealed.
Coakley, 2015
Inspired by Antioniao Gramsci, Italian political theorist.
-Powerful leaders maintain control by expressing these things:
Coakley, 2015
"a process of maintaining leadership and control by gaining the consent and approval of other groups"(Coakley, 2015, p.75).
Sponsorships allow corporations to be associated with sports, and theses companies become a symbol that express cultural messages.
mental "ideological outpost" are established for those companies which allows them to maintain hegemony.
Coakley, 2015
Sport impacts our lives through experiences, social worlds, and sport sites.
The impact of sports depends on the meaning of the relationships developed through experiences related to cultural and social factors.
Coakley, 2015
Coakley, J. J. (2015). Sports in society: Issues and controversies (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Eklund, R. C., & Defreese, J. (2017, March 21). Burnout in Sport and Performance.
Retrieved from http://psychology.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/ acrefore/9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore-9780190236557-e-165
Merkel, D. (2013). Youth sport: Positive and negative impact on young athletes. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 151. doi:10.2147/oajsm.s33556
(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.bing.com/Images
100 Greatest Sports Photos of All-Time. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.si.com/more-sports/photos/2012/12/17/100-greatest-sports-photos-all-time-final
Moving the world with images. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.gettyimages.com/editorial-images/sport