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“Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.”
Oxford English Dictionary
THE BRANCH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE WHICH TREATS EPIDEMICS
Kuller LH: American J of Epidemiology 1991;134:1051
EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF "EPIDEMICS" AND THEIR PREVENTION
Anderson G. In: Rothman KJ: Modern Epidemiology
THE STUDY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ILLNESS
1- To investigate nature/extent of health-related phenomena in the community/identify priorities
2- To study natural history and prognosis of health-related problems
3- To identify causes and risk factors
4- To recommend/assist in application of/ evaluate best interventions (preventive and therapeutic measures)
5- To provide foundation for public policy
Classical: descriptive, observational, field, analytical, experimental, applied, healthcare, primary care, hospital, CD, NCD, environmental, occupational, psycho-social, etc
Modern: risk-factor, molecular, genetic, life-course, CVD, nutritional, cancer, disaster, etc
As an interdisciplinary field, epidemiology draws from biostatistics and the social and behavioral sciences as well as from the medically related fields such as toxicology, pathology, virology, genetics, microbiology, and clinical medicine.
Origin
- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
- UNICEF
- USAID
- PRIVATE FUNDING AGENCIES
- GLOBAL NETWORK OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
- WORLD WIDE WEB
Hippocrates (circa 400 B.C.) attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational instead of a supernatural viewpoint.
In his essay entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places,” Hippocrates suggested that environmental and host factors such as behaviors might influence the development of disease.
John Graunt (1662): the first to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence.
William Farr: Father of modern vital statistics
John Snow
Ratio: Relationship between two numbers
Example: males/females
Proportion: A ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator
Example: males/total births
Rate: A proportion with the specification of time
Example: (deaths in 1999/population in 1999) x 1,000
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Epidemiology is ...
Epidemiology is under public scrutiny:
Information affects decisions at the public policy level, at the level of individuals, and by health professionals.
Epidemiology is an information science:
Data generated by epidemiologists is to be used for decision making.
Epidemiology is purposive:
Methods and knowledge are to be used for the ultimate purpose of prevention of disease, disability and death.
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