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Epidemiology

Dr. Hamid Karimi

A Greek word...

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What does it mean?

A More acceptable definition:

A better definition?

“Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.”

Older definitions:

Older definitions?

Oxford English Dictionary

THE BRANCH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE WHICH TREATS EPIDEMICS

Kuller LH: American J of Epidemiology 1991;134:1051

EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF "EPIDEMICS" AND THEIR PREVENTION

Anderson G. In: Rothman KJ: Modern Epidemiology

THE STUDY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ILLNESS

Purposes ...

Purposes?

1- To investigate nature/extent of health-related phenomena in the community/identify priorities

2- To study natural history and prognosis of health-related problems

3- To identify causes and risk factors

4- To recommend/assist in application of/ evaluate best interventions (preventive and therapeutic measures)

5- To provide foundation for public policy

Classical/Modern applications:

Classical versus Modern Applications?

Classical: descriptive, observational, field, analytical, experimental, applied, healthcare, primary care, hospital, CD, NCD, environmental, occupational, psycho-social, etc

Modern: risk-factor, molecular, genetic, life-course, CVD, nutritional, cancer, disaster, etc

Epidemiology is an extraordinarily rich and complex science

Epidemiology as an Interdisciplinary Subject

As an interdisciplinary field, epidemiology draws from biostatistics and the social and behavioral sciences as well as from the medically related fields such as toxicology, pathology, virology, genetics, microbiology, and clinical medicine.

History of Epidemiology

Development

Origin

- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

- UNICEF

- USAID

- PRIVATE FUNDING AGENCIES

- GLOBAL NETWORK OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS

- WORLD WIDE WEB

Growth

Hippocrates (circa 400 B.C.) attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational instead of a supernatural viewpoint.

In his essay entitled “On Airs, Waters, and Places,” Hippocrates suggested that environmental and host factors such as behaviors might influence the development of disease.

John Graunt (1662): the first to quantify patterns of birth, death, and disease occurrence.

William Farr: Father of modern vital statistics

John Snow

Descriptive & analytical analysis

Types of questions?

Descriptive/analytical epidemiology?

Descriptive Epi

Basic Triad of Descriptive Epidemiology

Measures of Disease

Measures of disease?

Epidemiological Outcomes

Epidemiological Outcomes

Ratio: Relationship between two numbers

Example: males/females

Proportion: A ratio where the numerator is included in the denominator

Example: males/total births

Rate: A proportion with the specification of time

Example: (deaths in 1999/population in 1999) x 1,000

Measures of Disease Occurrence

Counts, Prevalence & incidence

Other measures

Other measures

Epidemiology studies in Allied Health Sciences

Epidemiology and allied health science

Speech and Language Therapy

Some Examples ...

Occupational Therapy

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Public Health

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Nutrition

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Sport and exercise

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Nurses

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Summary &

Take Home Message

Conclusion

Epidemiology as a problem solving discipline

Summary

Epidemiology is ...

Epidemiology is under public scrutiny:

Information affects decisions at the public policy level, at the level of individuals, and by health professionals.

Epidemiology is an information science:

Data generated by epidemiologists is to be used for decision making.

Epidemiology is purposive:

Methods and knowledge are to be used for the ultimate purpose of prevention of disease, disability and death.

Take Home Message

Take Home Message ...

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