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SOLAR ENERGY

By Jaisal, Akshaj & Prakhar

Introduction

Solar energy refers to the conversion of sunlight into usable electricity or heat through the use of photovoltaic (PV) panels or concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. Solar energy is significant in global trade and consumption due to its growing popularity as a renewable and sustainable source of power.

Did you know that the energy the sun provides to the earth for one hour could meet the global energy needs for one year? Undoubtedly, the sun is a powerful energy source, and even though we are not able to collect a fraction of this energy, harnessing this power by installing solar panels can make a significant difference to the planet.

How do Solar Panels Work?

How do

Solar

Panels

Work?

Significance in Global Consumption

Significance in Global Consumption Over the Years

1883

1839

2023

1954

Solar energy is a significant contributor to economic growth and prosperity in many regions. It's also the fastest-growing electricity source in the U.S., representing 54% of generation projects planned for 2023.

In 1839, the ability of some materials to create an electrical charge from light exposure was first observed by the French physicist Edmond Becquerel. Though these initial solar panels were too inefficient for even simple electric devices, they were used as an instrument to measure light.

The first solar panel was invented by Charles Fritts in 1883 where he coated a thin layer of selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold. Though Fritts had hoped his solar cells might compete with Edison's coal-fired power plants, they were less than one percent efficient at converting sunlight to electricity and thus not very practical.

In April, 1954, researchers at Bell Laboratories demonstrated the first practical silicon solar cell. The silicon PV cell was the first solar cell that could convert enough of the sun's energy into power to run everyday electrical equipment. 3 decades later sales of solar cells exceeded $250,000,000!

Significance in Global Trade

What we did well

What didn't work

The export market for Indian solar modules in 2022–2023 saw a whopping 364% increase from the previous year. Based on Solar Panels Export Data, the total value of exports was INR 8,440 crore (around $1.03 billion), with the United States being the top destination with a 97% share. China has invested over USD 50 billion in new PV supply capacity – ten times more than Europe − and created more than 300,000 manufacturing jobs across the solar PV value chain since 2011. Today, China’s share in all the manufacturing stages of solar panels (such as polysilicon, ingots, wafers, cells and modules) exceeds 80%.

Resource Extraction and Processing

This is the manufacturing process of photovoltaic module (solar panel)

1. The polysilicon (silica sand) is melted into an ingot.

2. The oxygen in the silica is removed to form metallurgical grade silicon.

3. The ingot is sliced into the shape of a wafer.

4. The wafer is converted to an individual solar cell.

5. These cells are laminated to glass.

6. The glass is then framed into a solar panel.

Machinery and Technology Used

Machinery Used in Solar Panels

  • Inverters:

Solar panels produce a direct current (DC) charge, which needs to be converted to alternating current (AC) in order to supply household appliances with power. This is achieved with the help of inverters, which regulate and adapt the energy that is produced by solar panels to levels that are necessary for energy usage.

  • Racking Systems:

The term racking refers to the structural systems that secure the solar panels in place. Since these racking systems have been designed to support the weight of the solar panels, their methods of attachment vary based on the way in which they have been mounted as well as the location.

  • Energy Meter or Bi-directional Meter:

These are used to record the energy production via solar panels. This meter can measure the flow of electricity in two directions.

  • Other Solar Accessories:

Solar panels also require AC cables, DC cables, AC combiner box, DC combiner box, Earthing strips, Lightning arrester, Conduit pipes for routing cables, MC4 connectors and Electrical connection components.

Various Solar Extraction Methods

Various Solar Extraction Methods

  • Photovoltaics (PV): They use the sun's light for electricity. It is based on the so-called photoelectric effect, by which certain materials are able to absorb photons (light particles) and release electrons, generating an electric current.
  • Concentrating Solar Power (CSP): They use the sun's heat for electricity to drive electrical turbines. Within the receiver the concentrated sunlight heats molten salt to high temperatures. The heated molten salt then flows into a thermal storage tank where it is stored, maintaining 98% thermal efficiency, and eventually pumped to a steam generator.
  • Solar Heating and Cooling (SHC): They collect thermal energy to provide hot water and air heating or conditioning. Trapped heat from the sun is transferred to air or water for use as thermal energy.

Desired Geographical Condition

Geographical and Locational Requirements

Although solar panels can be revered as the "future", there are some specifics required to unleash the full potential of the renewable resource. So let's unveil the three desired conditions for solar power and witness the magic of solar energy: Solar Intensity and Climate; Latitude and Sun Path as well as Topographical Conditions.

Solar Intensity and Climate

Solar Intensity and Climate

Solar intensity, representing the strength and duration of sunlight, directly impacts the efficiency of solar panels. In regions with high solar intensity, like deserts and sunlit coastal areas, the rate of harnessing solar power skyrockets due to the abundant and intense sunlight.

Consistent, clear skies facilitate uninterrupted sunlight exposure, optimizing the rate of solar power generation. A reliable climate ensures that solar panels consistently convert sunlight into electricity, contributing to a steady and efficient harnessing process.

Impact of Different Weather Conditions on Solar Panels

Solar panels are obviously affected by the amount of sunlight that they are exposed to, both by the number of hours’ sunlight and the intensity of the sun. Luckily, solar panels do continue producing energy, even when the sky is overcast, the panel is slightly shaded or covered by up to an inch of light snow. Some panels perform better in such conditions than others. For example, solar panels generate more electricity in a cool, sunny day rather than a hot sunny day, as higher temperatures reduce the voltage flow.

Map showing the comparison between all countries in the world in terms of electricity generated from a solar panel every day.

Latitude and Sun Path

Latitude and Sun Path

Latitude and the sun's path profoundly influence solar power production due to their impact on the intensity and duration of sunlight.

At higher latitudes, the angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth becomes less direct, leading to reduced solar irradiance. This reduced intensity diminishes the energy captured by solar panels.

Furthermore, the sun's path, which varies with latitude, affects the number of daylight hours available for solar energy generation.

Locations closer to the equator receive more direct sunlight and longer daylight periods, optimizing solar power output compared to areas farther from the equator with shorter and less intense sunlight exposure.

The sun path is basically an arch through the sky. The sun will rise in the east and set in the west. At solar noon the sun is at its highest peak on the sun path arch. At lower latitudes the sun will be higher in the sky then if you are located at a higher latitude

Topgraphical Considerations

Topgraphical Conditions

Topography impacts solar power production. Shading from mountains, valleys, and buildings can reduce efficiency. Wind patterns and microclimates are influenced by topography, affecting performance. Consideration of topographical features is crucial for optimal solar panel positioning.

Exploring the geological formations and ecological significance of valleys and gorges.

Mountain and Valleys

Urban Environments

Flat Land And Coastal Area

Advantages And Disadvantages

Advantages and Disadvantages

While it has been widely criticised for being expensive or inefficient, solar energy has now proved to be extremely beneficial – not only for the environment but also for the private economy. But there’s much more to it than that, so let’s dive into the social, economic, political, environmental advantages and disadvantages of solar energy.

Economic

Advantages

Disadvantages

  • High installation costs: These costs are so high due to the presence of an abundance of raw materials like silicon and lithium in solar panels.

  • Expensive storage: Solar energy has to be used right away, or it can be stored in large batteries. These batteries, used in off-the-grid solar systems is also quite expensive.

  • Job Displacement: While the renewable energy sector creates new jobs, the transition away from traditional energy sources can lead to job displacement in industries such as coal mining. This can have economic implications for regions that heavily depend on traditional energy sources.
  • Low maintenance costs: Solar maintenance is typically minimal and may even be covered under warranty.

  • Reduced electricity bills: Installing a rooftop solar system is the simplest way to save electricity and reduce your bills by up to 90%. A branded solar module can last for 25+ years and continue giving you solar electricity for free.

  • Financing options available: Solar financing is nothing but a vendor sponsoring you so that you don’t have to pay the entire cost of solar installation at once.

  • Quick return on investment (ROI): Until year 10 of the solar purchase, you will be earning money through your solar incentive program. Solar investment can be treated as a secondary, passive income.

  • The solar energy industry creates jobs & helps local economies: As per data by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IREA), around 3.4 million individuals globally were employed in this industry in 2020. In nations like India, a boom in job creation is expected in solar-related areas like manufacturing, installation, and maintenance.

Economic

Social

Advantages

Disadvantages

  • Technological Inequality: The adoption of solar energy may exacerbate technological inequalities between developed and developing regions.
  • Reduced energy poverty: Solar energy can provide affordable, clean energy to developing countries. This can improve education, health, and empowerment.

  • Job Creation: The solar energy industry is a growing sector that is creating new jobs in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. This can help to boost local economies and reduce unemployment.

  • Low-income households: Solar energy can help low-income households to save money on their energy bills. This can free up additional money for other essential needs, such as food and medicine.

  • Education and Awareness: The adoption of solar energy fosters education and awareness about sustainable practices and the importance of renewable energy sources.

Social

Geopolitical

Advantages

Disadvantages

  • Dependence on Government: The economic feasibility of solar panel installations often relies on government incentives. Changes in government policies can impact the return on investment and slow down the adoption of solar technology.

  • Dependence on Rare Materials: Solar panels often require rare earth elements and minerals for manufacturing. The extraction and processing of these materials are concentrated in a few countries, leading to concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities and geopolitical tensions.

  • Avoiding Conflict: Reduce economic imbalances and create global markets for future-oriented energy technologies without having to fear conflicts over scarce resources.

  • Geopolitical influence: India co-founded the International Solar Alliance (ISA) as a tool for geopolitical influence. The ISA promotes solar electricity in countries worldwide.

  • Energy Independence: Countries with abundant sunlight resources can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels, enhancing energy security and reducing vulnerability to geopolitical tensions in oil-rich regions. This can lead to greater autonomy in energy production and consumption.

Geopolitical

Environmental

Advantages

Disadvantages

  • Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Solar power generates electricity without emitting greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. By replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources, solar energy helps fight climate change.

  • Air and Water Pollution Reduction: Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy production does not release harmful pollutants into the air or water. Solar energy systems help improve air and water quality, leading to better environment.

  • Solar Helps With Land Use: Many traditional forms of electricity require a significant amount of space for energy plants, including a lot of valuable land. Fortunately, solar systems don’t have the same land use requirements. The benefit of solar systems is they can be mounted on your roof or placed in a remote area with barren land.
  • Hazardous materials: Solar technology contains many of the same hazardous materials as electronics. The PV cell manufacturing process includes a number of hazardous materials. As solar becomes more widely-used, the problem of disposing of hazardous waste becomes more challenging.

  • Air quality: The construction of solar energy power plants can pose hazards to air quality. This includes the release of soil-carried pathogens and an increase in air particulate matter.

  • Habitat Disruption: Large-scale solar installations, such as solar farms, can require significant land area. In some cases, this may lead to habitat disruption and loss of biodiversity.

  • Lack of Awareness: Lack of awareness about the materials required during the manufacturing process and how they can be recovered for future production is a problem with solar recycling.

Environmental

Major Producing Countries

Major Producing Countries

Major solar energy producers like China, the United States, and India shine on the global stage. China leads with colossal production capacity, fostering innovation and exporting cutting-edge technology. India, with its ambitious solar targets, rapidly advances its solar infrastructure, contributing significantly to the global solar revolution. Together, these nations illuminate a path towards a sustainable and energy-diverse future.

Production

Capacity

Production Capacity of Solar Energy in Countries over the World

Over the past two decades, the production capacity of solar power has experienced a remarkable surge, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of over 40%.

In 1999, the global solar cell and module manufacturing capacity was only 100 MW, but by 2019, it had reached an astonishing 135 GW. This exponential growth can be attributed to advancements in technology, declining costs, and government incentives that have made solar power increasingly competitive with traditional sources of energy. As the trend continues, it is expected that solar power will play a significant role in meeting the world's growing energy demands while mitigating climate change.

Innovation and Techonolgy

Innovation and Technology

Countries around the world are leveraging innovation and technology to harness solar power in unprecedented ways. From advanced materials and manufacturing techniques to cutting-edge research and development, these efforts are transforming the way we generate and consume electricity. In some places, such as Dubai's Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park, massive solar farms are being built using state-of-the-art photovoltaic (PV) panels that can convert up to 44% of the sun's energy into usable power.

In Kutchh, Gujarat in India, the vast barren deserts are being utilised as large scale solar farms, proving India's capability to adapt to renewable resources.

In other places, like the United States, researchers are exploring new ways to integrate solar cells into buildings and infrastructure, such as windows that generate electricity or roads that charge electric vehicles as they drive. These innovations not only help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also create new economic opportunities and improve energy security.

As technology continues to evolve, it is likely that solar power will become an increasingly integral part of the global energy mix.

Innovations:

3. Solar Balloons

This solar balloon isn’t a hot air balloon powered by the sun — it’s a way to use existing technology to harvest solar power on arrays of silvery balloons. Big plastic balloons concentrate and direct solar energy onto solar cells using readily available (and relatively low-cost) components.

Creative Innovations

1. Infrared Spectrum Solar Panels:

Current solar panels only harness solar energy from the visible spectrum. However, by incorporating new materials like vanadium and titanium into solar semiconductors, future solar panels could capture and convert electricity from the untapped infrared spectrum.

4. Solar Windows

Windows with electricity generating coating that is transparent and can convert sunshine to energy. The coating contains small solar cells (¼ the size of a grain of rice!) and can be applied at room temperature without specialized facilities.

2. Thin Film Solar:

Harvesting solar energy doesn’t have to mean using huge solar panels anymore, thanks to innovations in solar thin film technology. These solar films can be ‘printed’ in rolls, which greatly reduces both the cost and the installation, as well as opening up more opportunities for placement of these solar power producers (such as being integrated into the roofing materials of buildings).

Map Analysis

Africa evidently has the lowest average electricity production in 2022 due to its incapability to harness the energy from the sun using adequate technology. However, surprisingly, Namibia is an anomaly, with the highest solar production all over the world (20%-50%). Europe produces electricity the most at an average (7%) due to the majority of its countries being MEDCs which are capable of investing in technology to harness solar power.

Major Consumers

Major consumers of solar energy, including households, businesses, and industries, play a pivotal role in driving the shift towards sustainable practices. The increasing adoption of solar energy by major consumers contributes to a cleaner and more sustainable future.

In 2022, China was the leading country in the world based on solar energy consumption share, at 32.3 percent. Meanwhile, the United States accounted for approximately 15.9 percent of the world's solar consumption that year, making it the second-largest solar power consumer worldwide.

Patterns in Consumption

Leading Countries by Solar Energy Consumption Worldwide in 2022.

The richest countries in the world of around 1 billion people consume 50% of the world's energy, while the poorest 20% consume only 4%. These patterns are clear on the energy consumption map.

The following is a breakdown showing where solar panels are used by consumers.

China

Consumption of Solar Power

In China

China stands as a formidable force in solar energy consumption, surpassing other nations in its commitment to renewables. With massive investments in solar infrastructure and ambitious targets, China not only leads in solar production but also showcases a dedication to sustainable practices, shaping the global energy landscape.

China's enthusiasm for solar power is electrifying! In 2021, it added a staggering 48.2 gigawatts of solar capacity, boosting its total to over 300 gigawatts. This monumental leap not only demonstrates China's commitment but also signifies a giant leap towards a cleaner, greener future.

United States of America

Consumption of Solar Power

In the United States of America

The United States is currently in the midst of a solar boom, having integrated an extraordinary 19 gigawatts of solar capacity in the year 2021. This surge catapults the nation's total solar capacity to a staggering 107 gigawatts, showcasing a robust commitment to sustainable energy practices and positioning the U.S. as a global leader in solar adoption. The dynamic mix of residential rooftop installations and expansive solar farms contributes to a diverse and resilient energy landscape, setting a radiant example for the world and inspiring a widespread transition towards cleaner and renewable energy sources.

The United States stands out as a solar energy powerhouse, embracing green initiatives (like the Solar for All competition) across homes, businesses, and utilities. This widespread adoption underscores a national commitment to sustainability, positioning the U.S. as a shining example in the global transition towards cleaner and renewable energy sources.

Citations

Citations and Reflection

  • Ashok, S. “Solar Energy | Description, Uses, & Facts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019, www.britannica.com/science/solar-energy.
  • Government Of Dubai. “Solar Innovation Centre | Mohammed Bin Rashid al Maktoum Solar Park.” Www.mbrsic.ae, 2022, www.mbrsic.ae/en/about/mohammed-bin-rashid-al-maktoum-solar-park/.
  • Vourvoulias, Aris. “Advantages & Disadvantages of Solar Energy (2019) | GreenMatch.” Greenmatch.co.uk, Greenmatch, 7 Oct. 2022, www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2014/08/5-advantages-and-5-disadvantages-of-solar-energy.
  • “Installed Solar Energy Capacity.” Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/grapher/installed-solar-pv-capacity?country=CHN~IND~BRA~MEX~USA~RUS~ARE. Accessed 3 Dec. 2023.
  • Research Gate. World Solar Radiation Map.
  • “Share of Electricity Production from Solar.” Our World in Data, ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-solar.
  • Works Cited“Yahoo Image Search.” Yahoo.com, 2020, in.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images.Bing.net, 2023, tse3.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.Q8iyvatQOyINN751qFn4DAHaEo&pid=Api&P=0&h=180. Accessed 3 Dec. 2023.
  • Sharma, Nidhi. “The Top 5 Solar Countries in the World (2022).” India’s Largest Solar Distributors | Canadian Solar India Official | Fronius India Official | SolarEdge India Official, 26 Sept. 2022, ornatesolar.com/blog/the-top-5-solar-countries-in-the-world.
  • Vakulchuk, Roman, et al. “Renewable Energy and Geopolitics: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 122, Jan. 2020, p. 109547, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119307555, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109547.
  • Solar Energy Technologies Office. “Solar Energy, Wildlife, and the Environment.” Energy.gov, www.energy.gov/eere/solar/solar-energy-wildlife-and-environment#:~:text=As%20a%20renewable%20source%20of.
  • Works CitedClippingworld.com, 2023, www.clippingworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/best-urban-image_lookin-environment.jpg. Accessed 3 Dec. 2023.

Reflection

Reflection

Jaisal: This project work assignment was delightful due to its uniqueness. Research on the renewable energy source of solar power - a topic with many misconceptions - was interesting. There were many aspects of the research that intrigued me deeply - it was an experience quite mesmerizing. Got to learn so many technical facts and statistics regarding the consumers and producers. Our colllaboration was smooth and efficient thanks to my team members. Thank you Miss for this assignment; really looking forward to such engaging activities!

Akshaj: Our solar power project was a captivating experience, delving into the unique aspects of this renewable energy source. Collaborative efforts among our team members led to comprehensive insights, highlighting the importance of smooth collaboration in achieving success in group projects. Overall, this project broadened our understanding of solar power. I would like to express my gratitude to you, Ma'am, for providing us with this opportunity to explore more.

Prakhar: Our team’s journey exploring solar energy expanded our comprehension and teamwork. We navigated challenges, understanding the practicalities of sustainable energy. Gratitude to our teacher for guiding us through this enlightening experience. Their mentorship empowered us to critically analyze and appreciate solar power’s significance. This project instilled in us a profound sense of responsibility towards sustainability, shaping our future endeavors. The hands-on learning enhanced our understanding of renewable energy sources, instigating a passion for advocating for environmentally friendly solutions.

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