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Timeline of Forensic Sciences

By: Madison Kelcher, 6th Period

Forensic Science

The discipline in which professionals use scientific means to analyze physical crime evidence.

200 AD- 1806

3rd Century Chinese; China, 201- 300 AD

Woman had claimed her husband died in a fire. Coroner saw no ash in husband's mouth. He did an experiment with pigs. The pig that was dead before the house burned down did not have ash in its mouth. Thus meaning the husband was dead before the fire. She had killed him.

3rd Century Chinese

Marcello Malpighi; Italy, 1685

Fingerprints and Hand lines. As well as the modern anatomy

Marcello Malpighi

John Toms; Lancaster, England, 1784

John Toms

Convicted of murder based on evidence they found on him. An edge of a wad of newspaper in a pistol matching a remaining piece in his pocket. First documented uses of physical matching.

Valentin Ross; Germany, 1806

More precise method to detect small amounts of aresenic.

Valentin Ross

Criminology

The examination of crime within society.

1814- 1876(-1955)

Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila; Spain, 1814

"Father of Forensic Toxicology". Published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poison.

Mathieu Joseph

Henry Goddard; England, London, 1835

Became Scotland Yard's first person to use physical analysis to connect a bullet to the murder weapon.

Henry Goddard

James Marsh; Britain, 1836

Created the Marsh Test to detect arsenic and tracing poison in blood.

James Marsh

August Vollmer; Berkeley California, 1876-1955

"Father of American Policing" Fingerprinting, Polygraph machines, and crime laboratories, Radio Communication, creation of patrol districts based on crime data.

August Vollmer

Criminalistics:

The study of evidence to investigate crimes

1879-1896

Alphonse Bertillon; France, 1879

He created the Bertillon System (anthropometry). Measuring of the body. He was also called the "father of the mughshot".

Alphonse Bertillon

Juan Vucetich; Argentina, 1892

He had created Comparative Dactyloscopy Fingerprinting.

Juan Vucetich

Hans Gross; Austria, 1893

Published the Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter (Criminal Investigation).

Hans Gross

Sir Edward Richard Henry; London, UK, 1896

He invented the fingerprint classification system

Sir Edward Richard Henry

Criminal Law

Is filed by the government, fined by the government, incarceration (execution or death). Misdemeanor- less than one year. Felony- More than one year

1901- 1923

Karl Landsteiner; Vienna, 1901

He discovered the ABO blood typing.

Karl Landsteiner

Theodore Roosevelt; United States, 1908

established the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Theodore Roosevelt

Dr. Edmond Locard; France, 1910

He developed Locard's Exchange Principle, "Every contact leaves a trace". Opened the first laboratory in the world.

Dr. Edmond Locard

Phillip O. Gravelle; New York, 1920's

He invented the Comparison Microscope

Phillip O. Gravelle

Civil Law

Filed by private Property. The defendant pays the plaintiff. There is no incarceration in the outcome.

1923- 1993

Frye Standard; United States, 1923

The use of Polygraphs (blood pressure)

Frye Standard

J. Edgar Hoover; America, 1932

He was the director of the FBI for 48 years. He opened the FBI Laboratory.

J. Edgar Hoover

Sir Alec Jeffereys; Britain, 1984

First DNA profiling test

Sir Alec Jeffereys

Daubert Ruling; United States, 1993

Used by a trial judge to determine whether an expert witness's scientific testimony is based on scientifically valid reasoning that which can properly be applied to the facts at issue.

Daubert Ruling

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