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The study of language in its social context

Native New Yorkers

Martha's Vineyard Study

Some earlier studies of languages in its social contexts

1) Empirical studies of linguistic change in progress.

- Gauchat

- Hermann

- Kurath and Avis

2) The structural analysis of historical changes.

-Martinet

- Pfalz

- Moulton

- Kufner

- Halle

- Reed and Spicer

- Isolating a group of people allows linguistic diversity.

- Mixed communities uniform a language.

- Identification: Speech forms distinguish different social classes.

1) Empirical studies of linguistic change in progress.

2) The structural analysis of historical changes.

3) Studies of subjective evaluation of language.

4) Studies of linguistic behaviour in its social context.

- New England Colony Island.

- Study of 3 generations.

- Relation between language behavior and social pressures.

-'Social pressures are continually acting upon the structure of the language' (Labov, 3).

3) Studies of subjective evaluation of language.

- O'Hern and Putnam

- Grootaers

- Lambert

4) Studies of linguistic behaviour in its social context.

- Hymes

- Anthropologists (Ferguson, Gumperz, Bright and Ramanujan).

- Linguists (Fischer, Kurath, McDavid, Herzog, Read and Reichstein)

- Psychologists and sociologists (Bernstein, Schatzman, Strauss and Lerman)

Restrictions on linguistic study

New York City Study

1)Synchronic structural systems and diachronic developments must be studied in isolation.

2) Sound change cannot be directly observed.

3) Feelings about language are inaccessible.

4) The linguist should not use non-linguistic data to explain linguistic change.

- Social class has more divisions.

- Lower East Side.

- New York vowel system.

- Idiolect Alternations within cultural factors.

- Weinreich (Labov and Herzog (1968)): The Community precedes the individual.

- Some sociolinguists believe the opposite: The Community does not exist and language is in our brains.

Maria Martín Martrus - Carmen Thorburn Rabascall

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