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Works Cited

Haines, John. The Calligraphy of Medieval Music

Belgium: Brepolis, 2011

Kelly, Thomas Forrest. Capturing Music: The Story of Notation

New York: W.W. Norton Company, 2014

Parris, Carl. The Notation of Medieval Music

New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1959

Guido d'Arezzo

When Guido introduced his method to understand pitch relation with the Guidonian Hand. This understanding of pitch relation allowed compositions more accessible to more musicians and less ambiguous.

Gothic Script

Used in Gregorian notation since the 13th century. The thicker lines were due to the introduction of quill pens

The notation of medieval music

These signs became the basic figures of Gregorian neume notation. The acutes remained the same shape and was renamed virga ("rod"); the gravis was changed to the shape of a dot, called the punctum ("dot"). All other neumes with more than two notes joined together are called ligatures .

The Legend of St. Gregory

In the earliest of neumatic writing, the virga indicated a relatively higher pitch than the note before and the punctum indicated a lower pitch than the note before.

The two note neumes are the podatus which represented a lower note followed by a higher note. The clivis represented the opposite.

Acutus: /

The Three note neumes indicate movement in a melodic passage. The scandicus indicates three ascending pitches. The climacus indicates three descending pitches. The torculus is made up of a lower, higher, and another lower. The porrectus is the opposite.

Neumes of more than three are referred to as compound neumes

1. Podatus subbipunctis- a podatus with two puncta below

2. Torculus resupines- a torculus turned back, meaning it is followed by an ascending tone

3. Porrectus flexus- a porrectus bent, meaning a porrectus followed by a descending tone

These Liquescent neumes have to deal with the emphasis of pronunciation as well as the pitch motion. These are modified versions of the podatus and clivis called the epiphorus or liquescent podatus, and the cephalicus or liquescent clivis.

The next classiication of neumes are the Strophic neumes. These neumes indicate the rhythmic accents placed on each note.

1. Diastropha doubles the value of the first note

2. Tristopha triples the values of the first note

3. Oriscus gives the effect of syncopation

4. Pressus is a two note neume giving the effect of syncopation off of a single note

Indicated the raising of the pitch

The salicus is similar to the strophic neumes in that the second note in the group receives a rhythmic accent.

The quilisma is a note with a trill that gradually ascends. It typically occurs between two passing tones lying a third apart.

St. Gregory the Great (pope, 590-604) is the source of music for the Roman Catholic Church. Medieval pictures show St. Gregory receiving the chant from the Holy Spirit through a dove in his ear.

Gravis: \

Indicated the lowering of pitch

Gregorian Notation

The notes used in modern non-Gregorian notation can be traced back to the earliest symbols, neumes.

The word neumes originate from the Greek word neuma, meaning "nod" or "sign." Some scholars believe this to be a speculation and that the term is derived from the Byzantine ekphonetic ("pronunciation")

Neumatic Notation

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