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Skutnabb-Kangas and McCarty (2008)

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Bilingual: Proficiency in and use of two or more languages by an individual; the term does not always impy an equally high level of proficiency in all the relevant languages

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Advantages

Disadvantages

Ben-Zeev (1977)

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Delay in Grammatical Structure and Vocabulary Aquisition

Dean (2003) defines flexible cognition

Bialystok, (1999)

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Flexibility can be tested with changing task demands which are unpredictable or novel to participants

could indicate increased executive control in bilingual children before language production begins

also it appeards that having to process more than one language from birth could be sufficient to improve executive control which can be considfered a cognitive gain resulting from bilingualism

cognitive control/ executive functions: mechanisms involved in conglict monitoring, planning, attentional control, and the suppression of habitual responses

both groups performed equally on learned response task, but the bilinguals showed an increase capablility on suppressing the previously learned response and update the anticipaated action according to the changing demands of the task.

advantage mainly shown in high control tasks requiring increased cognitive flexibility

Bilingual speakers are compelled to exercise their cognitive abilities in order to manage two languages in an effective manner.

Kovacs and Mehler (2009)

Kovacs and Mehler

(2009)

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Hamers and Blanc

claim that a bilingual child's ability to alternate between and manipulate two systems of symbols rather than one that causes this extensive cognitive flexibility and enhanced metalingusitic awareness.

Increased Cognitive Flexibility

Enhanced executive conrol

Hakuta and Diaz (1985)

claim that the bilinguals flexibility coudl be a result of abilities related to language, for example the language use in observing cognitive functioning or an early perception of its structural properties and conventioality.

Lee, (1996)

bilingualism frees the mind from the prison of concrete language and phenomena which indicates the flexibility resulted by simultaneous language acqusition

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if a child has access to all the necessary resources and bilingual development is continuous and stable, combined vocabulary acquisition should be comparable between monolinguals and bilinguals

Hoff et al, 2011

Hamers - balanced bilingualism appears to foster positive cognitive development in children, especially under adequatecircumstances where both languages are supported by the community as well as society at large in an academic as well as an emotional manner

Peal and Lambert

Hamers and Blanc (2000)

*Have article

Delay in grammatical stuctures and vocabulary aquisition

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Attentional control: cognitive act applied efforfully and voluntarily in order to obstruct any information that is irrelevant or distracting and supress any response tendencies which are irrelevant to the task

Engle et al.

Ellen Bialystok (1999)

study supprt claim of bilingual cognitive advantages

positive relationship between bilingualism and intellectual functioning as well as bilinguals scoring signigicantly higher on intelligence testes

Hakuta and Diaz (1985)

*have article

Found: both groups had comparable capacity for working memory. measures indicate a general equivalence of intelligence. However, when solving tasks ini which the solution was made more complex with distracting information, the bilinguals showed better skills than the monolinguals. study gives empirical support to the claim that bilinbual childrem are more able to solve problems which are based on attention adn opposing information and may indicate that bilingual children have an increased advantage in problem solving requiring a high level of control or selective attention

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children exposed ot two languages simultaneously do not typically acquire each language at the same rate as children only exposed to one language. Also, dual language input affects both the children's grammatical development as well as vocabulary. THe study did show that the gap between teh two groups clases in about three months.

Total vocabulary is about the same, but monolinguals possess it in one language while bilinguals are divided among two languages

Increased Concentration Abilities

Advantages and Disadvantages of Bilingualism

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Bilingualism and Children's Cognitive Advantages

Supported by

Carlson and Meltzoff (2008)

increased ability of attention

Bialystok and Martin Rhee (2008)

bilingual children are constantly required tocontorl their attention between two opposing adn active language systems in order for communication to take place in the demanded language

serve as a factor in limiting the progression of disorders like ADD and Autism?

tested inhibitory control. bilinguals showed a significant advantage in complex tasks demanding control of attention. (also showed that bilinguals had lower scores on receptive vocabulary).

in task where inhibition of response which demands the execution of motor responses and less attentional control bilinguals were equivalent with monolinguals

can enhance inhibitory control which in turn influences certain disorders in a positive manner.

Negative Cognitive

Effects

Hamers and Blanc (2000)

determines L1 or L2 proficiency based on the value put on either. Social network plays a paramount role in the process of bilingual development.

language behaviour is controlled by the values adn norms which vary betwen different cultures. as a consequence, a child's social environment adopts the appropriate language behaviour as implied by the culture in which they live, which the child learns to value and put into funciton, or dismiss.

Hamers (2004)

valorisation: the attribution of certain positive values to language as a functional tool, that is as an instrument that will facilitate the fulfilment of social and cognitive functioning at all societal and individual levels

PSYC403 Caroline

Bilingualism and

Valorisation

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