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:Bennett Atchison
Goldstein studied cathode rays, otherwise known as electrons, in 1886 and discovered the canal ray, which moved in the opposite direction through holes in the cathode.
Thomas also did research on the cathode and devised a formula for the mass of an atom determined by it's charge. He then applied his knowledge of electrons and created the "Plum Pudding Model" of an atom in 1897.
Dalton suggested that all atoms were invisible, indestructible, and were only identical when of the same element. He also created a system of atomic weights in 1803.
Democritus believed that the universe was made up of an infinite of differently shaped and sized atoms. He determined the size and shape of the atoms by looking at the substance they made up. He did all this without using any equipment.
Rutherford devised and experiment in 1911 where he fired alpha particles at gold foil, probing it. When most of the particles went through he realized that the nucleus of an atom must be extremely small. He also created a diagram of an atom similar to the planets surrounding the sun.
Bohr came to Cambridge in 1911 and two years later, after being reviewing some of Rutherford's work on the atomic nucleus, came to a representation of the structure of an atom when under certain conditions.
Einstein is one of the most well known scientists. In 1905 he wrote a paper describing that when a particle absorbs a photon it releases electrons. He called this the "Photoelectric Effect".
Millikan conducted an oil drop experiment in 1909 which showed the charge of an electron. This was then used in J.J. Thomas's equation to determine mass.
Pauli introduced a rule in 1924 called "Pauli's Excluson Principle". This rule dictated that no two electrons in an atom can have the same quantum numbers.
Heisenberg discovered that the velocity at which a particle moves and the position of that particle can not both be determined. This is known as the "Heisengberg Uncertainty Principle" in 1927.
Chadwick conducted an experiment in 1932 that used alpha particles to find a atomic particle that was neutral and was close in mass to a proton. This particle was a nuetron.