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Unit 8: The Spanish Monarchy

The XVI century monarchs. FELIPE II

The reign of the Catholic Monarchs

The Hispanic Monarchy in the XVII Century

In Spain, the Modern Age starts with the Catholic Monarchs and the dynastic union of Castilla and Aragón in 1469, when Isabel I and Fernando II got married. However, this was only a dynastic union because the rule of the two monarchs was the only thing the respective territories had in common. These maintained their institutions, laws, customs and currencies.

Carlos II

Felipe III

Felipe II (1556-1598) was born in Valladolid and he was the son of Carlos I and Isabel of Portugal. He wasn't made emperor so he lived in Spain, where he established a permanent court in Madrid. However, he added to the Empire the Philippines and the kingdom of Portugal with its extensive colonies. It was said at the time that in his empire "the sun never set"

Carlos II was only two years old when he succeeded his father, so his mother had to ruled as regent.

OPPOSITION TO HIS REIGN

He ruled as an authoritarian king and sometime provoked resistance:

The Catholic Monarchs reinforced their royal power and established authoritarian monarchy in Spain:

  • Territorial unification: this began with the annexation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in 1492 and finish in 1512 with the annexation of the kingdom of Navarra. Efforts were also made to prepare a future union with Portugal through marriage ties.
  • Religious unity: the Catholic Monarchs created the Tribunal of the Inquisition (1478) to pursue heretics and judaisers.They forced both the Jews and Granada's mudéjares to either submit to baptism or leave the country.
  • Establishment of the Modern State: they imposed their authority over the nobility, clergy and municipalities (intervening in the appointment of bishops and controlling the property of the military orders). Also, they reformed the administration, creating Councils (made up of jurists), Chancillerías or Audiencias (royal courts located in Valladolid and Granada) and the Santa Hermandad (maintained social order in rural areas).

He was so sick and incapable that the great issue of his reign was who would succeed him. Due to this instability, other european monarchs conspired to gain control of the Spanish Empire.

One of the most important consequences was the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). This conflict arose out of the disputed succession to the throne of Spain following the death of the childless king. It also had an international

He wasn't as energetic as his father and left political decisions to a royal favourite, a VALIDO, who governed on his behalf and acted in his name. During his reign this figure was the Duke of Lerma, first and then, the Duke of Uceda.

The first Duke took the disastrous decision about the expulsion of the Moriscos (1609), a hard-working minority (even they were almost 300.000 people), so they damaged the economy by their departure. The kingdom of Valencia suffered most from this as it had had the highest morisco population.

After a period of peace with the sign of the Twelve Years' Truce with the United Provinces and a peace treaty signed with England, Felipe III decided to help Austria and entered in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1638).

The expansion of Castilla and Aragón

The Catholic Monarchs' foreign policy was focused on three areas: Africa, the Atlantic ocean and Europe. As a result of this policy:

  • The revolt of the moriscos: Felipe II was a great defender of Catholicism and the role of the Inquisition became more powerful, specially with the muslims who had converted to Christianity. The revolt broke up in the Alpujarras (Granada), after the king had forbidden the use of certain muslims customs. After the fight between the two cultures, many moriscos were forced to live in other regions.
  • Unrest of Aragón: Antonio Pérez, secretary of the King, was accused of murder. He fled to Aragón and asked for protection from the Supreme Justice. The Aragonese government refused to accept his transfer to Castilla, so the revolt broke out and Felipe II used it to reduce the Aragonese autonomy in the kingdom.
  • In the Netherlands, the Calvinists opposed the king who refused to accept the Protestants. Northern provinces declared the independence under the name of the United Provinces.

Saint John's eagle

- MARRIAGE POLICY: the Catholic Monarchs had the goal of isolating France. They carried out a marriage policy with their sons and daughters:

- Isabel and Maria to Manuel I of Portugal

- Juan to Margaret of Habsburg

- Juana to Philip of Austria (Felipe "el Hermoso")

- Catalina to King Henry VIII of England

The development of the conflict:

EXERCISE!

Pay attention to the kings and queen the Catholic Monarchs' kids married with and write some information about each one (2-3 lines).

  • Castilla conquered fortresses in North Africa (Melilla, Algiers and Tripoli, among others) and continued its expansion in the Atlantic region, resulting in the conquest of the Canary Islands.
  • Aragón continued its long-running rivalry with France that lead to the recapture of Rousillon and Cerdaña and the conquest of Naples.

Arms of Aragón

Arms of Castilla

dimension and two pretenders fought for the throne: Felipe of Bourbon (France) and Charles of Habsburg (Austria). Castilla and France supported the future Felipe V and some european powers (Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and Austria) and most territories of Aragón wanted Charles to be the king.

FOREIGN POLICIES

  • The military outcome was favourable to Felipe V troops, which began to occupy Valencia and Aragón after the Battle of Almansa.
  • An international event was key to this outcome: Charles of Habsburg inherited the German Empire and lost interest in becoming king of Spain.
  • In 1713 the international conflict finish with the Peace of Utrecht, which recognised Felipe V as king in exchange for territory in Europe and Spain.
  • The war continued in Cataluña and Mallorca between 1714 and 1715, when finally the troops of Felipe V took both cities.

Felipe II's international policies aimed to strengthen his territories and defend the Catholicism:

  • France: he defeated the French at the Battle of Saint Quentin in 1557.
  • The Holey League: was created by Felipe II with the alliance between Spain, the Papacy and Venice to confront the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto. This ended with the turkish control of the eastern Mediterranean.
  • Portugal: Felipe II claimed the Portuguese throne through his mother, Isabel of Portugal.
  • England: the King planned to invade England and to bring back the country to Catholicism. He used the "Armada Invencible" that suffered a great defeat in 1588., causing the major defeat suffered by the Hispanic Monarchy.

Juan

Isabel

Juana

EXERCISE!

Using the following link (https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-Spanish-monarchs-2070695#ref334901) do a family tree (parents, grandparents, husband/wife and children) of Fernando of Aragón and Isabel of Castilla.

María

Catalina

Isabel emblem

Fernando emblem

EXERCISE!

Go to this link (https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Philip-II) and explain why and how Felipe II obtain the Portuguese crown.

Exercise!

Look at the video and summarize the information in ten principal ideas.

EXERCISE! After reading the slide, try to explain with your own words why in Felipe II empire "the sun never set".

Glossary time

Chancillería

Santa Hermandad

Tercios

Battle of Saint Quentin

Battle of Lepanto

Armada Invencible

Viceroy

Audiencias

Mita

Council of the Indies

Indies Trade Route

1516

1556

1492

1556-1700

15th century

The XVI century monarchs. CARLOS I-V

The Hispanic Monarchy in the XVII Century

Colonisation and organisation of America

Felipe IV

Carlos I (1516 - 1556) was born in Gent (Flandes), in 1500. He was son of Philip the Handsome and Juana la Loca, the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs. Until his full age, the Spanish Kingdom was ruled by two people: his grandfather Fernando the Catholic and Cardinal Cisneros, in what is called regency. His arrival to the Spanish throne in 1516 marked the start of the House of Austria.

Like his father did, he used a Valido, the Count-Duke of Olivares who tried to maintained Spain's leader position in Europe. He wrote an important text proposing the strength of the authority in Monarchy by standardizing the laws and institutions of all the kingdoms and establishing a system to recruiting soldiers called the Union of Arms. So, throughout this reign, the absolute monarchy was introduced, the Cortes declined in importance and the monarchs took control of the powers of state government. However, each territory maintained its own form of organisation.

He was called Carlos I of Spain and V of the Holy Roman Empire because of his inheritance:

  • Maternal inheritance (Juana I of Castilla): he received the Crown of Castilla, territories outside the peninsula (América), the Crown of Aragón and its territories in Italy and, finally, the kingdom of Navarra.

Go to page 44 (book) and make an outline about the government and economic activity in America

  • Paternal inheritance (Felipe el Hermoso): from his paternal grandfathers he inherited the German Lands and the title of emperor. He also received the Netherlands and the Franche-Comté.

After 1640 our kingdom lived an important domestic crisis:

  • Uprisings in Cataluña: there, the new proposals were rejected and broke out in a revolt requesting support from France.
  • Portuguese Rebellion: in only one day, they proclaimed the Duke of Braganza the new King of Portugal, that became independent in 1668.

Imperial Crown

The reign of Carlos I: opposition, foreign and internal policies

EXERCISES!

1) Who were the leaders of the Comuneros during the revolt took place between 1520 and 1521?

2) Try to figure out if Carlos I won more territories (apart from Milan) after the fights against France.

3) How did Carlos I arrive to be Emperor of Germany (Holy Roman Empire)?

EXERCISE!

Complete the following table about the pre-columbian cultures

Saint Andrew's cross

Double-headed eagle = double crown (Spain and the German Lands

OPPOSITION TO HIS REIGN: when Carlos arrived to Spain, many opposed to have a foreign king, so there were uprisings against him:

  • The Revolt of the Comuneros: in 1520 was led by the nobles, bourgeoisie and the peasants of Castilla due to the increase of the taxes. The Royal Army defeated the Comuneros in the Battle of Villalar in 1521.
  • The Brotherhoods revolts took place in Valencia and Mallorca. The artisans rebelled against the nobility who where supported by the King.

Toisón de Oro

FOREIGN POLICY

  • Thirty Year's War: the Spanish Army was defeated by the French in the Battle of Rocroi.
  • Treaty of Westphalia (1648): Spain recognise the independence of the United Provinces.
  • Peace of the Pyrenees: war with France was an never-ending conflict that finally went the its end in 1659, when both countries signed this treaty.

EXERCISE!

The validos were a new political figure that emerged during the reign of the "Austrias menores". Search on the Internet a little bit of information of the five principal validos our monarchy have had (Duke of Lerma, Duke of Uceda, Count-Duke of Olivares, Duke of Medinaceli and Count of Oropesa).

FOREIGN POLICIES

The political policies of Carlos I included defending Christianity and the imperial supremacy of Christian kings. However, many opposed these ideas and there were many conflicts during his reign:

  • France: it was always against the European hegemony of the Habsburgs. King François I of France and Carlos V fought against each other four times. Finally, France lost the Duchy of Milan in favor of Spain.
  • The Ottoman Empire: Carlos defended the Christianity against the Muslims, particularly the Turks of the Ottoman Empire.
  • Conflicts with Protestants: the king was a strong Catholic supporter. In 1540 he became influenced by the ideas of the Counter-Reformation and in the Battle of Mülberg he fought and defeated the German Protestant princes who supported Lutheranism. He eventually recognised their religion freedom from the Holy Roman Empire by signing the Peace of Augsburg in 1555.

"Más allá"

In 1556, in poor health and exhausted, Carlos I abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favor of his brother, Fernando. His son, Felipe II, became the ruler of the rest of the Empire. Two years after, Carlos V died.

Hercules columns

EXERCISE! Look for the current Spanish monarchy coat of arms and compare it with this one of Carlos I

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