Lexical Semantics

Antonymy

Synonymy

Anatomy is the oppositeness of meaning between a word and the other word or among words in the same part of speech, such as good - bad and fast- slowly etc.

Palmer classifies three kinds of anatomy:

• Gradeable anatomy.
• Complemetary anatomy.
• Relational anatomy.

• Synonymy ia the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different (different in pronounciation) but have the same or identical meaning as another word or phrase.
• The cocrete form of synonymy is called "synonym".
• Example:

small

big

mother and father

politicion

Relational Opposite

These are the pair of words that refer to a relationship from opposite point of view, such as parent/child. The relationship between such words is called realtional opposite.

Example:

• Win - Lose
• Buy - Sell
• Husband - Wife

Compenets

Introduction

The problem of Universals

-There is a Sapir_Whorf hypothesis which suggest that each language may create its own world and so it's own semantics.

-The simplest form of the universal view is that there is a universal inventory of semantic features (components).

Polysemy and Homonymy

Lexical sementics

There are many ways for two words to be related. We've already seen a number of ways:

• morphologically related: lift/lifted which both share the same stem
• syntactically related - write/paint both verbs
• phonologically related - night/knight, which share the same pronunciation.

Hyponymy

We can say that word X is a hyponym of word Y if in all possible scenarios, X's set is always contained in (is always a subject of) Y's set. Koa, oak, and cedar as well as wood are hyponyms of tree.

Synonymy

100% same: quick/rapid, sick/ill, couch/sofa

regional: tap/faucet/spigot, skillet/pan, hot cakes/pancakes, soda/pop

formality: pass away/die/pop off

emotion/politica:l freedom fighter/guerrilla/terrorist

legal: kill/manslaughter/murder

Antonymy

• Contradictory pairs are words that are nearly complete opposites -- everything is one or the other:

married/unmarried visible/invisible alive/dead over/under

• Scalar antonyms or gradable pairs are words that are not completely polar opposites because each word has no endpoint and can very from one person to another (so, for example, hot can mean one thing to one person and something else to another person): hot/cold good/bad strong/weak happy/sad short/tall

Relational Opposites

A relational antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings. There is no lexical opposite of teacher, but teacher and pupil are opposite within the context of their relationship. This makes them relational antonyms.

Homonymy

Homonyms, also called homophones (meaning "same sound") are pairs of words that have different meanings with identical sounds. 

Polysemy refers to the situation, where same word has two or more than two meanings.

Homonymy refers to a situation where we have two or more words with same shapes, spellings or pronounciation.

-The strongest claim would be that all the languages make use of the whole inventory and so have the same features. A weaker claim is that each language use only some of the features in that total inventory.

-neither the stronger nor the weaker view makes a variable claim unless finite inventory of features in produce.

Hyponymy

-another weaker claim is that only some features are universal while rest are the characteristic of individual language.

-We must not, of course, ignore the influence of cultures upon the linguistic systems.

Hyponymy: involves us in the notion of inclusion.

Lyons: observed that in Classical Greek there is a subordinate term to cover a variety of professions and crafts but none in English.

Subordinat: term covers a variety of words or names in it.

Hyponym: is a lower term and cover small number of words.

Entailment: Hyponym involves entailment.

Lexical Semantics

Group three:

• Sana Riaz
• Aalia Rafiq
• Mariam Nadeem
• Anaab Zia
• Farwa Mustafa
• Ali Wasti
• Pervaiz Ali
• Salamat Gul