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Orientalism:
The idea that non-western cultures are shown through a western lens.
They are reduced to stereotypes,
and often connected with negative values.
Cultural Imperialism:
+ western media dominates the world, saturating people with images and representations that reflect western values
Orientalism
Cultural Imperialism
Eastern Representations
+ this can be seen as a tool for control of various cultures, a key example is the beauty industry where whitening creams are hugely popular in asian countries- clearly impacted by western media's representations of beauty
The exotic east
The weak east
The corrupt east
The mysterious east
all of these contribute to the east's representation as a fairy tale land- divorcing it, and its people from reality
Definition:
A critique which takes into account... the effects of european domination of other cultures.
Western
Hegemonic Norms
this concept is applied
to orientalism through the
commonly held stereotypes and under-
standings of different cultural groups.
An example is our perception of Arab
characters as antagonists
Hegemonic Norms:
Likewise- we can use beauty norms
as an example of this. Ie. Beyonce's
skin lightening
We can apply a poco critique when...
Constructed Ethnicity
+ we see representations of white people
+ we see representations of non white people or non western people
+ we see representations of one group exerting power over another
Constructed Ethnicity
The notion that ethnicity can
be constructed much like gender.
The rules of this construction can be learned
from the media as well as personal experience
which gives real importance to representations of ethnicities in the media.
There are extreme negative reactions to
western individuals constructing other
ethnicities. ie. Blackface
This stuff happens FREQUENTLY!
Generally: This can be applied when western stand ins are represented as saviours, powerful, or more civilized than others based on their western-ness
Cultural Appropriation
this is when a culture, or elements of a culture are separated from their original meaning and reduced to aesthetic by those outside of that culture. This represents their culture as a commodity or product- reducing its value.
and reinforcing the idea of
colonials being bought and sold.
Dependent and Provider
look for representations of people who are in power and provide aid, and those who are dependent upon them. Consider these power hierarchies and the racial representations that go along with them.
Justification for colonialism and
assimilation of cultures stemmed from the idea that the non-western world is less civilized and therefore must conform to western norms.
Moral Panics
Often times the folk devil that is created in media texts is based around a non western ethnicity. We see it all the time, we're going to lose all our jobs to immigrants (UKIP), America will crumble under the weight of race riots, muslims are infiltrating our societies.
These panics are developed by both fictional and non-fiction media (the news media in particular). There is a distinct difference in the way western and non western peoples are represented, the latter being consistently coded as violent, animalistic, and uncivilized.
Dependent v.s Provider
Moral Panics
Stereotypes
White Washing / Culture Meshing
Said wrote "Orientalism" which basically says that...
the west has flawed ideas of what the east is.
They have constructed an idea of the orient that has negative effect on the people who live there.
This idea is based of colonialism.
Racial Stereotypes
Like all stereotypes, racial stereotypes serve to reduce ethnic groups to common western perceptions. You are basically never going to come up with a stereotype that is commonly used for a ethnic group in the media which has been developed by that ethnic group.
These stereotypes all encourage the notion that ethnicities are there as accessories- or are less worthy of accurate reflection than caucuasian persons.
Whitewashing:
The practice of turning characters white to fit the hegemonic norm of whiteness being a characteristic of a protagonist or hero
Interchangeability:
Blurring the lines of cultures, casting Korean actors as Chinese characters etc.