Stages of Learning
STAGE 2, Associative stage
- Characterized by - a marked performance improvements
- One movement pattern
- Consistency increases, and errors are gradually reduced
- Time movements with external objects
- Fluid, reliable, and efficient
- Cognitive activity
- Consciously and automatically controlled
- Example – in volleyball a setter would for example be able to execute a clean pass but may not always do so with the desired accuracy
STAGE 3, autonomous stage
- Characterized by - unconscious, automatic, and smooth
- Not all learners will reach this stage
- Highest level of proficiency
- Multiple tasks simultaneously
- Consistent and confident, make few errors.
- Accurate movement, consistent, and efficient
- Little or no cognitive activity is required
Models
STAGE 1, Cognitive stage
- Progression from beginner to expert
- Transition between stages
- Different stages at once
- Not dependent on age.
- Fitts and Posner’s Three-Stage Model
- Gentile’s Two-Stage Model
- Characterized by - High degree of cognitive activity
- New motor skill
- Slow, inconsistent, and inefficient
- Numerous techniques and strategies through trial and error
- Lack of synchronization, choppy and deliberate
- Verbal instructions and demonstrations
- Movements are controlled consciously
- Example- juggling
Fits and Posner’s Three-Stages Model
The 3 different stages are defined by the behavioral tendencies that the learner displays at various points throughout the process