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Crisis Intervention

Rosemary Campbell

Kari Cunningham

Chelsea Williamson

Overview

Crisis intervention is recommended for time-limited responses to people in acute crisis.

How crisis intervention developed

Dr. Erick Lindemann, psychiatrist, conceptualized crisis theory based on his work with acute and grief-stricken survivors and relatives of 493 victims of a Boston nightclub fire in the early 1940s.

Gerald Caplan, psychiatry professor, expanded Lindemann's work in the 1960s.

Albert R. Roberts, Ph.D. built upon their thinking and created Roberts' Steven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model (R-SSCIM) in 1991.

R-SSCIM 1991

definition of "crisis"

An acute disruption of psychological homeostasis in which one's usual coping mechanisms fail and there exists evidence of distress and functional impairment...The main cause...is an intensely stressful, traumatic, or hazardous event.

A "crisis" often has five components:

1. a hazardous or traumatic event

2. a vulnerable or unbalanced state

3. a precipitating factor

4. an active crisis state based on the person's perception

5. the resolution of the crisis

Roberts, 2005

stage 7:

Follow-up

Plan follow-up and booster sessions

Stage 6:

Develop an action plan

Restore functioning through implementation of an action plan

Stage 5:

Explore alternatives

Generate and explore alternatives, resources and new coping strategies

Stage 4:

Deal with feelings

Encourage an exploration of feelings and emotions (including active listening and validation)

Stage 3:

Identify problems

Identify the major problems, including crisis precipitants (ie: the "last straw")

Stage 2:

Establish Rapport

Make psychological contact* and rapidly establish the collaborative relationship

References

Stage 1:

Assess Lethality

Brown, F., Rainer, J. (2006). Too much to bear: An introduction to crisis intervention and therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(8), 953-957.

Dziegielewski, S. (2004). The Changing Face of Health Care Social Work. New York: Springer Publishing Company.

Roberts, A.R. (2002). Assessment, crisis intervention, and trauma treatment: The integrative ACT intervention model. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 2(1), 1-21.

Roberts, A.R., Ottens, A.J. (2005). The seven-stage crisis intervention model: A road map to goal attainment, problem solving, and crisis resolution. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(4), 329-339.

Summary

*psychological contact

Crisis intervention is the recommended approach when working with people in acute crisis and time is a factor.

Health care settings provide many crisis situations where patients need help right away.

The strengths of this approach outweigh the weaknesses. Intervening in crises is an important skill to use as health care social workers.

From Carl Rogers's "Necessary and Sufficient Conditions" for therapeutic change.

"Psychological contact" means a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important.

case scenario & Role play

Plan and conduct a thorough biopsychosocial and lethality / imminent danger assessment

A mom comes to the emergency room in distress because her 3-year-old daughter S'KyeLeigh just returned from a weekend visit at her dad's house and mom suspects someone sexually abused her. The mom is panicked and wants a doctor to examine her daughter to determine what happened.

crisis intervention with diverse populations

Fit of approach

Client self-determination is especially important among diverse populations

  • Allowing the client to define their cultural influences, traditions, beliefs, etc.
  • Be careful not to assume cultural competency, especially during crisis

Crisis can occur as a result of a cultural clash or "mismatch" as when values or customs of traditional culture are ignored or violated.

  • Talk with client about how they have coped with or negotiated previous cultural clashes.
  • If there are no previous experiences, brainstorm (outlandish) alternatives that could be applied to to the current event.
  • Allow for the client to find the solution within their own cultural awareness, do not create it for them.

(Roberts & Ottens, 2005)

Diverse Populations Cont.

Things to consider when assessing the socio-cultural experiences and cultural background of the client:

  • Ethnicity
  • Language
  • Ex: Stockton Schoolyard Shooting
  • Assimilation
  • Acculturation
  • Spiritual Beliefs
  • Environmental Connections
  • Community Ties
  • Neighborhood
  • Economic Conditions
  • Crucial in Health Care Settings
  • Availability of food and shelter
  • Social Networks and Relationships

Remember that a lack of culturally sensitive services can greatly increase chaos and confusion in a crisis situation

(Roberts, 2002)

Crisis intervention is a necessary model to use in clinical health care social work settings.

A patient in crisis in a health care setting is usually experiencing not only a disruption in their psychological homeostasis, but also in theirs or a family member or friends physical homeostasis.

strengths & weaknesses

"The health care social worker is essential in helping the client reach a healthier resolution of the problem."

Dziegielewski, 2004

  • provides a concrete way for the clinician and patient to identify the crisis
  • not very much literature or research about the weaknesses and disadvantages of crisis intervention
  • provides clinician with tools for responding to the crisis in a productive way

Fit of approach

  • have to establish rapport very quickly
  • using the crisis intervention model, a clinician can help the patient gain control and lessen the crisis
  • can exacerbate the problem if the clinician using crisis intervention doesn't know what they are doing
  • addresses acute problem situations
  • ability to assess the risk, danger and severity of the crisis
  • known to be successful in health areas with victims of rape, domestic violence, mental illness and other medical/life-threatening issues
  • provides a quick way to assess problems and needs
  • helps patients examine options
  • helps patients and clinicians create a plan of action
  • helping a patient when they are in a state of crisis increases the chance for patient-oriented change
  • can help a patient "discover an adaptive means of coping with a particular life stage, tragic occurrence, or problem" that becomes a crisis
  • can be limited in a health care setting depending on resources, agency role, and function

Dzielgielewski, 2004

Roberts, 2005

  • helps the patient prepare for the what the aftermath of the crisis might look like
  • what do you think?

Dzielgielewski, 2004

Roberts, 2005

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