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The size of a pneumatophore is positively correlated with the height and girth of the mangrove tree it belongs to.
the size of the pneumatophore is negatively correlated to the the density of pneumatophores.
pneumatophores can be anywhere from 2-32 cm in height. The average size is 11.8cm+/-3.2cm with a thickness of 2-11mm with a mean of 6.3+/-1.57mm. (for grey mangroves)
http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-bulletins/bio/documentaries/mangroves-the-roots-of-the-sea/what-s-a-mangrove-and-how-does-it-work
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pneumatophore
http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/biomes/mangroves.htm
http://www.odysseyearth.com/videos/mangroves-protectors-of-the-coast
Hovenden, M., and W. Allaway. "Horizontal Structures on Pneumatophores of Avicennia Marina (Forsk.) Vierh.--A New Site of Oxygen Conductance." Annals of Botany 73 (1994): 377-83. Print.
Saifullah, S., and E. Elahi. "Pneumatophore Density and Size in Mangroves of Karachi, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Botany 24.1 (1992): 5-140. Print.
Black Mangroves (Avicennia germinans)
Grey Mangroves (Avicennia marina)
White Mangroves (Laguncularia racemosa)-modified pneumatophore
Different root systems, and thus different species of mangroves, are segregated by location.
Different conditions require specialized adaptations by mangrove plants so it is not likely to find multiple varied species of mangroves in the same place.
key components for oxygen conductance:
Pneumatophores are adapted pencil like structures that stick up out of the dense, wet ground like snorkels. These breathing tubes allow mangroves to cope with daily flooding by the tides.
Pneumatophores take in oxygen from the air unless they're clogged or submerged for too long.
Mangrove root systems ....
their function is to provide aeration to the underground parts of the mangrove plant which are otherwise surrounded by an anaerobic environment
[noo-mat-uh-fawr] noun
1. Botany. a specialized upward appendage or extension of a mangrove root system aiding in gaseous exchange.
-shrub and tree species that live along shores, rivers and estuaries in the tropics and subtropics. (which are often subjected to daily flooding and tides)
- can tolerate intense salinity conditions
- protects shorelines from erosion by means of root system.
other root systems: