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How does a caldera form?

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes_rev4.shtml

What happens after a volcano erupts?

Image 1

Image 2

http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Toba-Caldera.htm

http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=7380

Introduction

  • 75, 000 years ago
  • Indonesian Islands of Sumatra

Immediate Destruction

  • Destroyed all life in immediate surroundings
  • Hot flows
  • Gas release

Comparison of the Toba

eruption to other

supervolcanic eruptions

What is a super-volcano?

A volcano capable of producing ejecta that is greater than 1000km3.

Volcanic Explosivity Index

  • The Quaternary Epoch
  • Noted as an 8

http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3531.html

Genetic Bottleneck Theory

Eurasian Population

  • Long term effects of eruption include: drought, loss of vegetation, long term deforestation
  • Massive decrease in human population: only 3,000 to 10,000 survivors
  • Decrease in diversity: less genetic variation in present day humans

Or not?

  • East Africa did not have a Volcanic Winter based on the mud layer where Toba ash was found in Lake Malawi
  • Tools found in India were similar before and after the eruption - although this may not have been from humans

Short Term Effects

  • Caldera
  • 15cm ash layer over South Asia
  • Killed all life in immediate area
  • Volcanic Winter for 6-10 years
  • Expelled about 2,800km cubed of magma

The Toba Eruption

Aya, Lakshmi, Nethmi

Bibliography

  • "THE TOBA SUPERVOLCANO and HUMAN EVOLUTION." THE TOBA SUPERVOLCANO and HUMAN EVOLUTION. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. <http://toba.arch.ox.ac.uk/project.htm>.
  • "Toba Catastrophe Theory." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory>.
  • "Chapter 20 - Population Differences in MtDNA." Erectuswalksamongst. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. <http://erectuswalksamongst.us/Chap20.html>.
  • "Volcano Catastrophe Idea 'dismissed'" BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. <http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-22355515>.
  • Q, Charles. "Supervolcano Not to Blame for Humanity's Near-Extinction." LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 29 Apr. 2013. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.livescience.com/29130-toba-supervolcano-effects.html>.
  • Q, Charles. "Did Ancient Volcano Alter Human History?" LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 10 July 2007. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://www.livescience.com/1661-ancient-volcano-alter-human-history.html>.
  • BBC News. BBC, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/natural_hazards/volcanoes_rev4.shtml>.
  • Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervolcano#Known_supereruptions>.
  • "Volcanic Explosivity Index." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 29 Nov. 2014. Web. 30 Nov. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index>.
  • "Volcanoes Around The World." Geological Society -. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. <http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ks3/gsl/education/resources/rockcycle/page3531.html>.
  • "Supervolcanoes." Supervolcanoes. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Nov. 2014. <http://www.coolgeography.co.uk/GCSE/AQA/Restless%20Earth/Supervolcanoes/Supervolcanoes.htm>.
  • "Toba Caldera : Image of the Day." Toba Caldera : Image of the Day. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=7380>.
  • "Caldera Toba | Indonesian Volcano | Lake Toba | Toba Caldera Complex."Caldera Toba | Indonesian Volcano | Lake Toba | Toba Caldera Complex. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Nov. 2014. <http://www.virtualuppermantle.info/Toba-Caldera.htm>.
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