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Miller and Sperling

  • Miller:
  • The rule of 7 plus or minus 2
  • The use of "cognitive" as an act of defiance - 1960s
  • Sperling:
  • Sensory memory
  • Internal memory system/processes/memory structures
  • Influenced Gestalt psychology

Wertheimer

Gestalt Psychologists

  • Gestalt Psychology
  • Perception of movement
  • Beta and Phi Phenomena
  • Brain fills in background
  • Brain structuring perception
  • Top-down processes
  • Key Ideas:
  • Phenomenological
  • Holistic
  • Molar
  • The whole is different than the sum of the parts
  • The brain creates meaning

Stmph

  • Influence on Gestalt psychology
  • Perceptual completion
  • "Clever Hans"
  • Experimental psychological method

Brentano

  • Disagreed with Wundt
  • Believed we should study mental processes
  • Act Psychology
  • Mental acts
  • Judging, recalling, expecting, doubting, etc.

Descartes

Fechner

  • Believed in innate ideas
  • Knowledge that we can be certain of
  • The body is mechanical and the mind is abstract
  • Mind/Body dualism
  • Rationalist thought

Kant

Weber

Wundt

  • Believed that everything had a soul
  • Fechner's Law
  • S = klog R
  • Subjective stimulation is proportional to the logarithm of stimulus intensity
  • Describing and predicting sensory experiences

Titchener

  • Sensation and perception
  • "Innate" and universal experiences
  • Weber's Law
  • JND/S = K
  • An equation to escribe and predict sensory experiences
  • RATIONALIST
  • Believed in innate mental structures
  • A priori knowledge
  • Such as math

  • Disagreed with Locke, who was an empiricist
  • STRUCTURALIST
  • Investigated mental structures
  • Wanted to create a table of "elements" similar to chemistry
  • Founder of experimental psychology
  • Reaction time experiments
  • Introspection
  • Psychology should study:
  • Attention
  • Perception
  • Memory
  • Legacy of Kant rationalism

  • Disagreed with James

Aristotle

Plato

History of Experimental Psychology: Concept Map

Freud

  • Student of Plato
  • The senses provide the raw material for knowledge
  • Have to make observations and then make abstractions from them
  • Became a forefather of Empiricism
  • We cannot trust our senses
  • The soul is born with previous knowledge
  • Became a forefather of Rationalism
  • Influenced by both Darwin and Fechner (as well as others)
  • Psychotherapies
  • Id/Ego/Superego
  • Psychosexual development
  • Psychic determinism
  • A product of fixations

By Katherine Aloisi

James

Locke

Hobbs

Hall

  • Father of American psychology
  • Functionalist beliefs
  • Opposed introspection as a methodology
  • Pragmatism

  • Disagreed with Wundt
  • "Mind is white paper at birth..."
  • Modes, substances, and relations are all constructed from sensory experiences

  • Disagreed with Kant
  • Founder of British EMPIRICISM
  • Mechanism
  • Determinism
  • The person you are is determined by your experiences
  • Everything is physical, material, measurable
  • Sensations - simple thoughts - complex ideas
  • Studied under James
  • FUNCTIONALIST
  • Racial eugenics
  • Improving genetic quality of the population
  • Keeping the race pure and intelligent

Darwin

  • Individual differences appear randomly
  • Survival of the "fittest"
  • Evolution = natural selection of individual variations that have the most adaptive value
  • Influenced intelligence research and functionalism

Watson

  • Founder of BEHAVIORISM
  • Rejected mentalism and introspection
  • Disagreed with Titchener
  • Studied stimulus - response connections
  • Conditioning

James

And beliefs of empiricism and functionalism

Darwin

Behaviorism

Goddard

  • Feeble-mindedness
  • Moron, Imbecile, Idiot
  • Inheritance of low intelligence
  • Genetic inheritance similar to Darwin
  • Kallikak family

Thorndike

Chomsky

Binet

  • Behaviorism
  • Cats in puzzle boxes
  • Law of effect
  • Believed that the environment influenced/shaped bahvior
  • Similar to Darwin
  • The rules of language can't be learned by association
  • Some capacity to understand language is innate
  • A gene that gives you a language system
  • Binet and Simon (1905)
  • The first intelligence test
  • Intelligence seen as an indication of "fitness"
  • Darwin's model of survival of the fittest

Pavlov

  • Influenced by Darwin
  • Conditional responses
  • Classical conditioning
  • Bell - food - salivate
  • Bell - salivate
  • Conditioning of certain behaviors
  • Behavior due to environment

Skinner

  • Emphasis on operant behavior
  • Negative and positive reinforcement and punishment
  • Environment produces behavior
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