Miller and Sperling
- Miller:
- The rule of 7 plus or minus 2
- The use of "cognitive" as an act of defiance - 1960s
- Sperling:
- Sensory memory
- Internal memory system/processes/memory structures
- Influenced Gestalt psychology
Wertheimer
Gestalt Psychologists
- Gestalt Psychology
- Perception of movement
- Beta and Phi Phenomena
- Brain fills in background
- Brain structuring perception
- Top-down processes
- Key Ideas:
- Phenomenological
- Holistic
- Molar
- The whole is different than the sum of the parts
- The brain creates meaning
Stmph
- Influence on Gestalt psychology
- Perceptual completion
- "Clever Hans"
- Experimental psychological method
Brentano
- Disagreed with Wundt
- Believed we should study mental processes
- Act Psychology
- Mental acts
- Judging, recalling, expecting, doubting, etc.
Descartes
Fechner
- Believed in innate ideas
- Knowledge that we can be certain of
- The body is mechanical and the mind is abstract
- Mind/Body dualism
- Rationalist thought
Kant
Weber
Wundt
- Believed that everything had a soul
- Fechner's Law
- S = klog R
- Subjective stimulation is proportional to the logarithm of stimulus intensity
- Describing and predicting sensory experiences
Titchener
- Sensation and perception
- "Innate" and universal experiences
- Weber's Law
- JND/S = K
- An equation to escribe and predict sensory experiences
- RATIONALIST
- Believed in innate mental structures
- A priori knowledge
- Such as math
- Disagreed with Locke, who was an empiricist
- STRUCTURALIST
- Investigated mental structures
- Wanted to create a table of "elements" similar to chemistry
- Founder of experimental psychology
- Reaction time experiments
- Introspection
- Psychology should study:
- Attention
- Perception
- Memory
- Legacy of Kant rationalism
Aristotle
Plato
History of Experimental Psychology: Concept Map
Freud
- Student of Plato
- The senses provide the raw material for knowledge
- Have to make observations and then make abstractions from them
- Became a forefather of Empiricism
- We cannot trust our senses
- The soul is born with previous knowledge
- Became a forefather of Rationalism
- Influenced by both Darwin and Fechner (as well as others)
- Psychotherapies
- Id/Ego/Superego
- Psychosexual development
- Psychic determinism
- A product of fixations
By Katherine Aloisi
James
Locke
Hobbs
Hall
- Father of American psychology
- Functionalist beliefs
- Opposed introspection as a methodology
- Pragmatism
- "Mind is white paper at birth..."
- Modes, substances, and relations are all constructed from sensory experiences
- Founder of British EMPIRICISM
- Mechanism
- Determinism
- The person you are is determined by your experiences
- Everything is physical, material, measurable
- Sensations - simple thoughts - complex ideas
- Studied under James
- FUNCTIONALIST
- Racial eugenics
- Improving genetic quality of the population
- Keeping the race pure and intelligent
Darwin
- Individual differences appear randomly
- Survival of the "fittest"
- Evolution = natural selection of individual variations that have the most adaptive value
- Influenced intelligence research and functionalism
Watson
- Founder of BEHAVIORISM
- Rejected mentalism and introspection
- Disagreed with Titchener
- Studied stimulus - response connections
- Conditioning
And beliefs of empiricism and functionalism
Goddard
- Feeble-mindedness
- Moron, Imbecile, Idiot
- Inheritance of low intelligence
- Genetic inheritance similar to Darwin
- Kallikak family
Thorndike
Chomsky
Binet
- Behaviorism
- Cats in puzzle boxes
- Law of effect
- Believed that the environment influenced/shaped bahvior
- Similar to Darwin
- The rules of language can't be learned by association
- Some capacity to understand language is innate
- A gene that gives you a language system
- Binet and Simon (1905)
- The first intelligence test
- Intelligence seen as an indication of "fitness"
- Darwin's model of survival of the fittest
Pavlov
- Influenced by Darwin
- Conditional responses
- Classical conditioning
- Bell - food - salivate
- Bell - salivate
- Conditioning of certain behaviors
- Behavior due to environment
Skinner
- Emphasis on operant behavior
- Negative and positive reinforcement and punishment
- Environment produces behavior