Immigration Timeline

Reference

Gonzalez, V., Yawkey, T., & Minaya-Rowe, L. (2006). English-as-a-Second Language (ESL) Teaching and Learning: Pre-K-12 Classroom Applications for Students' Academic Achievement and Development. Retrieved from University of Phoenix.

The New Immigrants of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s

Third and Fourth Immigration Waves

• Influx of new immigrant students
• Female Immigrants
• Student achievement

• United States the Age of Normalcy
• Isolation and Neutrality
• Great Depression
• Stock market crash
• 12 million, one-fourth of workforce to be out of work
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Civil Rights Era
• Elementary and Secondary Education Act
• Bilingual Education Act of 1968 and No Child Left Behind Act of 2001: Equal Educational Opportunity for ESL Learners

With the third and fourth immigration waves, Americans wanted to return to the policy of isolation and neutrality, which was responsible for the limitations on immigration. The 1930s brought economic hardships due to tariffs that prevented countries to buy American goods. In 1929, the stock market crashed which started the Great Depression. Over 12 million, or one-fourth, of the workforce was out of work. In 1954, the Brown v. The Board of Education ruled that separate but equal education was not equal and the process of desegregation began. 1964 brought the Civil Rights Era, with many mandates for the civil rights of minorities and the poor. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 made it possible for underachieving and at-risk students to be helped with the use of Title I funds, which included ESL groups. The Bilingual Education Act of 1968 started the push for the need to provide native-language instruction for ESL students.

Education is still seen as a way to Americanize immigrants. The schools system saw an influx of Asians and Hispanics immigrants since the 1980s. The social and economic situation of female immigrants has changed very little since Ellis Island. Hispanic women depend very much on their husbands. Because more men work outside of the home, their contact with mainstream society is more prevalent. Wives rely heavily on their husbands to make the decisions in social situations and because men are the drivers of the household, women depend on them to run errands, register children in school and, learn the bus routes. “Even now, after the women’s rights movement and legislation of the 1960s, which formed part of the civil rights movement, the gap between mainstream U.S.-born and immigrant poor women is even wider” (Gonzalez, Yawkey, & Minaya-Rowe, 2006, p. 69). With the help of mentors as mediators, immigrant parents become aware of the need for cultural adaptation. When parents have the awareness of mainstreamed cultural values, the opportunity becomes greater for their children to become achievers, and access higher education (Gonzalez, Yawkey, & Minaya-Rowe, 2006, p. 69).

First Immigration Wave Mid 1800 – early 1900

First Immigration Wave Mid 1800 – early 1900

1840 - The mid 1840 brought about 1.4 million Irish and German immigrants to America to escape famine. During this emigration, many immigrants died due to disease and lack of sanitation. “During this immigration era, around 2.6 million Europeans arrived in the 1850s, with some reduction of numbers during the Americans Civil War, and continuation of the large number of immigrants during the 1860s, which brought over 2 million newcomers, with numbers doubling during the 1880s to over 4.7 million arrivals”.

Late 1800s - Ellis Island opened, mostly eastern and southern European immigrants

1890 - Reduction in immigration due to economic depression

1840 - Irish and German Immigration

Late 1800 - Ellis Island

1890 - Reduction of Immigration

1901 - 1910 - Increase of immigration

Colonial and Revolutionary Era

1607 - North American Colonization

1630 - Puritans

1774 - American Revolution

1607 - French, Spanish, Dutch, British colonized North America for religious and political freedom and economic opportunities. First English colony was Jamestown in 1607. Colonists were motivated by economic reasons. Less than half of the immigrants survived past the first few years.

1630 - The Puritans came to America searching for religious freedom. Massachusetts Bay in 1630. They were the first to separate church and state.

1774 - Settlers fought the American Revolution in 1774. July 4, 1776 the Declaration of Independence, which declared their freedom from British rule, founding belief of “all men are created equal”. The Bill of Rights was added by the delegates to the Constitution in 1791, in the form of ten Amendments that are central in establishing the civil rights and liberties of all Americans. The First Amendment guarantees the rights of freedom of speech, press, religion, peaceable assembly, and requesting changes of the government.

• Colonial and Revolutionary Era
• First Immigration Wave
• Second Immigration Wave
• Third and Fourth Immigration Waves
• The New Immigration of the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s

Immigration Timeline

Second Immigration Wave

• Assimilation
• Changing names
• Changing Dress
• Industrial Revolution
• Gender Roles

Immigrants began to assimilate to their new home. They would change their names to make it easier for teachers, co-workers, and friends to pronounce their new “Americanized” name. Immigrants also began to dress like Americans. Women began to abandon shawls and “old World’ dress patterns and started wearing hats. Assimilating their clothing to more American clothes also helped men obtain jobs. The Industrial Revolution brought mass manufactured clothes, which immigrants thought costly, but necessary. Many immigrants only bought a few pieces of clothing and laundered them often. Along with the many changes in names and dress, there were also changing gender roles. Some immigrant women worked, while other groups thought it best if the married women stayed home. Those women who did work were suspicious about putting their children in childcare, fearing they would lose control of their children.

Misty Martin

SEI/301

July 6, 2015

Mandy Heal