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Premises and Conclusions
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Premises and Conclusions
Definitional Premises
Statements by Experts
A definitional statement is a report about how a word is used.
Which of the following are definitional statements?
- My brother has three toy cars.
- Toy cars are toys that have the same shape and design as real cars, but they do not function to transport people from one place to another.
- Cake tastes sweet.
- The game was heated.
- The match is composed of three sets.
- EXPERTS are people who have specialized knowledge about a particular field.
- Statements made by EXPERTS can often be assumed as premises. However, you should use five criteria to determine whether a statement may be used as an assumed premise.
- The 5 CRITERIA are:
- appropriate credentials
- reliability
- lack of bias
- appropriate area of expertise
- expert consensus.
Chapter 3
Accepting or Rejecting testimonial premises:
Testimonial Premises
Uncontroversial Empirical Statements
These are empirical statements that are reports given to the person making the argument by other people. The statements are available as the testimony of other people. This is one kind of indirect empirical statement.
- Two important criteria:
- Reliability and Plausibility.
- A person is reliable when her past testimonial statements have been true.
- In order to determine the plausibility of a statement, we must rely on background knowledge.
- What are some examples of reliable sources?
- What are some examples of implausible statements?
- Uncontroversially true empirical statements are statements that are likely to be true even if you do not know with certainty that they are in fact true.
- ex: It is raining outside my window.
- Uncontroversially false empirical statements are statements that are those that can be rejected without argument because they are clearly false.
- ex: All roses are brown.
EMPIRICAL PREMISES
Types of Premises
- EMPIRICAL PREMISES are statements that report what people observe through their senses.
- When we observe through our senses, we are getting DIRECT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE.
- When you get reports of observations from other people or from instruments, you are getting INDIRECT EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE.
- What are some examples of direct and indirect empirical evidence?
- You can't give an argument for every premise that you use in an argument.
- Therefore, you have to assume some premises.
- Whether you can or cannot assume a premise, depends on what kind of premise you are looking at.
Three kinds of statements often used as premises:
- EMPIRICAL
- DEFINITIONAL
- STATEMENT BY EXPERTS
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