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Pilot Plant

The Pilot Plant consists of small size equipment for piloting refinery operations, hexafluoride reduction, derby pickling, ingot casting, and other equipment for special purposes.2 This plant was used for numerous process testing and experimental operations as well as being employed as a production facility for various processes.

In the early years, derbies were produced there, in the manner described in Plant 5.

Plant Nine

The primary purpose of Plant 9, the Special Products Plant was to process slightly enriched uranium and to cast larger ingots than those produced in Plant 5. The plant contains facilities for producing derbies, ingots, slugs, and washers of various enrichments.

Back in 1948...

In 1948 the Atomic Energy Commission established a facility to produce uranium fuel cores.

The site was located in Ross, Ohio and was 1,050 acres, and was 30 to 50 feet above an aquifer.

It operated from 1951 to 1989 when it was shut down. It was called a Feed Materials Production Center.

Plant One

The production process at

the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center begins at Plant 1, also known as the Sampling Plant. The principal function of the Sampling

Plant was to obtain representative samples of the large quantities of incoming ore concentrates.

Background

The Reveal

Plant 2/3

Fernald

Plant 2/3 was known as the Ore Refinery & Denitration Plant. It was called Plant 2/3 because two separate functions occur in the same building. Here uranium values were recovered from feed materials (i.e., ores, concentrates and residues) and were converted to concentrated uranium trioxide, also called orange salt. In addition to uranium, the Refinery was capable of extracting and purifying a number of different materials.

Plant Four

The Green Salt Plant, the common name for Plant 4, produced "green salt" (uranium tetrafluoride) from UO3. Green salt was the key intermediate compound in the overall process of producing uranium metal.24 This plant contains 12 banks of furnaces for the conversion of uranium trioxide to uranium tetrafluoride.

Plant Five

Plant 5, the Metals Production Plant main process equipment consisted of eleven jolters, five filling machines, forty-four reduction furnaces, two breakout stations in the Reduction Area and twenty-eight vacuum casting furnaces in the Recast Area.

Plant Six

Plant 6 was known as the Metals Fabrication Plant. The finished product consists of either hollow or solid uranium slugs, designed for both internal and external cooling during pile irradiation. The product shipped from Plant 6 must pass rigid inspection for dimensional tolerances, metal quality, and surface conditions."

Plant Seven

Plant 7 was known as the 6 to 4 Plant because UF6 was converted to UF4 here. It was basically a high-temperature gas-to-solid reactor system that only operated for two years: 1954–1956. To produce UF4, the uranium hexafluoride was first heated to form a gaseous compound and was then reduced to UF4.

The site is permanently unfit for human habitation, according to federal scientists, and "will have to be closely monitored essentially forever."

Plant Eight

The Scrap Recovery Plant, the name given to Plant 8, process primarily involves upgrading uranium recycle materials from FMPC and off-site operations to prepare feed materials for head-end processing in the Refinery.

Operations include drum washing, filtering Refinery tailings, operation of rotary kiln, box, muffle, and oxidation furnaces, and screening of furnace products.

Fluor Fernald completed their portion of the cleanup in October 2006. The waste was permanently buried at Waste Control Specialists.

Clean Up

Fernald Closure Project

Lisa Crawford started F.R.E.S.H.

(Fernald Residents for

Environmental Safety and Health)

In 1986-1989 the EPA studies the site

and makes a legal commitment to

clean it up.

5 billion of waste, 2.8 mil cubic lbs. of soil, 224 building and 10 processing plants had to be decontaminated.

In 1992 Flour Fernald started clean up, 12 years ahead of schedule and $7.8 million under budget.

In 1990, Congress

approved closure of the site approved environmental cleanup of the facility. Fluor Fernald, part of the Fluor Corporation, was awarded the contract in 1992 for cleanup of the site.

The Fernald Closure Project is a program run by the United States Department of Energy to clean up the former uranium processing site Fernald Feed Materials Production Center.

In 1984...

Fernald's environment issues came out.

Radioactive dust was let into the air.

3 wells were contaminated, and so was

the soil and the air.

Resources

Cancer Cells

Mutations of one or a few nucleotides can affect protein structure and function...

Fernald Plant Mutations

Substitutions:

Silent Mutations

Missense Mutations

Nonsense Mutations

The multiple types of chemicals that surrounded the workers caused many to develop cancer, melanoma and leukemia.

Mutations are responsible for the huge diversity of genes found among organisms because mutations are the ultimate source of new genes.

Different Types: Single nucleotide-pair substitutions and nucleotide-pair insertions or deletions

Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control.

Types of Genes: Oncogenes and

proto-oncogenes.

Cancer cells are frequently found to contain chromosomes that have broken and rejoined incorrectly, translocating fragments from one chromosome to another.

People who lived near the Fernald uranium processing plant are still developing some forms of cancer at higher-than-expected rates even though

the plant closed years ago, according to a medical report released Wednesday.

High rates of urinary cancers, melanoma and prostate cancer were reported in a “preliminary” analysis of more than 8,500 Fernald neighbors who have participated in a court-established medical monitoring program.

And according to a separate study released Wednesday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), radiation emitted from the site could cause an elevated incidence of leukemia among people who lived within 6.2 miles of the site while it was operating between 1951 and 1988.

The Product

Plant

The Little People

Workers were subjected to harsh chemicals of uranium hexafluoride, raw uranium, anhydrous ammonia, nitric acid and other toxic materials.

Employees had to undergo a background check and get special security clearances.

They were told not to talk about what went on in the plant, not even to other coworkers.

Most Workers were veterans

and thought they were fighting

the Soviet Union.

Protective equipment was almost non-existent and wasn't a lot of security procedures.

Contamination leading to Mutations in Genes

Workers

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