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b

Y

2

Hypertext

and

Intertext

X

by Miss Andrea Oshea A. Prieto

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1

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Objectives

F

At the end of this modules, you are expected to:

1. define hypertext and intertext;

2. differentiate hypertext and intertext; and

3. identify the context on which a text is

developed.

MELCS:

Identify the context on which a text is developed using hypertext and intertext.

E

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D

C

Hypertext

It is a way of representing text about a topic where other topics can be linked. A link is generally represented as a clickable area which will redirect the reader to another resource can contain information about similar or related topics.

The “World Wide Web” or Internet is based on hypertext links and hypertext documents. In fact, the language that web pages are written in is HTML - HyperText Markup Language (“What Is the Difference between Hypertext and Intertext? - Quora” n.d.).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext

Hypertext presents a new way to read on-line text that differs from reading standard linear text. Text is typically presented in a linear form, in which there is a single way to progress through the text, starting at the beginning and reading to the end.

The features in hypertext supply flexibility to the reader when compared to reading linear text such as books. Clearly some of this flexibility does exist in books (e.g. table of contents and indexes), but it is not as widely used or exploited.

Hypertext permits readers to use these features automatically rather than requiring readers to manually refer to them as needed. This provides additional control to the reader in determining the order that the text is to be read and allows the reader to read the text as if it were specifically tailored to the reader's background and interests.

This flexibility does promise an advantage of personalization and eases the burden of finding information.

B

In hypertext, information can be represented in a semantic network in which multiple related sections of the text are connected to each other. A user may then browse through the sections of the text, jumping from one text section to another. This permits a reader to choose a path through the text that will be most relevant to his or her interests (“Hypertext and Writing,” n.d.).

Semantic Network

"So many books,

so little time."

- Frank Zappa

"Don't read books.

Make prezis!"

- Author

A

Intertext

It is text document which is related to another text document. For example, the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible is related to the King James Version. Or as another example, Star Wars: The Force Awakens is intertext to Star Wars: The Last Jedi (“What Is the Difference between Hypertext and Intertext? - Quora” n.d.).

It is the shaping of a text meaning by another text. Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation, translation, pastiche and parody. An example of intertextuality is an author’s borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a reader’s referencing of one text in reading another. Derived from the Latin intertexto, meaning to intermingle while weaving, intertextuality is a term first introduced by French semiotician Julia Kristeva in the late sixties.

In essays such as "Word, Dialogue, and Novel," Kristeva broke with traditional notions of the author's "influences" and the text's "sources," positing that all signifying systems, from table settings to poems, are constituted by the manner in which they transform earlier signifying systems.

Where do we usually see intertextuality?

Pastiche

A literary work, then, is not simply the product of a single author, but of its relationship to other texts and to the structures of language itself. "[A]ny text," she argues, "is constructed of a mosaic of quotations; any text is the absorption and transformation of another” (“Intertextuality Examples and Definition” 2016).

Pastiche

It is a literary piece that imitates another famous literary work of another writer with the purpose of honoring it and not mocking it. It is lighthearted but respectful in its imitation.

Examples:

Bohemian Rhapsody

Allusion

Allusion

• It is an indirect reference to somebody or something a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance it does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to possess enough knowledge to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text.

Examples:

“ Don’t act like Romeo in front of her.”

"The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora’s box of crimes."

Parody

It is an imitation of a particular writer, artist, or a genre, exaggerating it deliberately to produce a comic effect. The humorous effect in parody is achieved by imitating and overstressing noticeable features of a famous piece

of literature.

Parody

https://www.slideserve.com/bethesda/fairy-tale-portfolio-task-6-shrek-intertextuality

Parody of Michael V

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EB9nc516b3Q

Calque

Calque

It is a loan translation, especially one resulting from bilingual interference in which the internal structure of a borrowed word or phrase is maintained but its morphemes are replaced by those of the native language

Examples:

Latin: agenda, index, memorandum

German: angst, blitz, bratwurst

French: accident, chef, fierce

Italian: concerto, pizza, scenario

Japanese: bonsai, haiku, karaoke

Examples

-Quotation

-Translations

-Imitations of another writing style

-Citations and references

W

Two Dimensions of Intertextual Relations

1. Horizontal – relations that are between primary texts that are more or less explicitly linked

2. Vertical – relation between a primary text and other texts of a different type that refer to it (secondary and tertiary texts)

Secondary texts – e.g., publicity, journalistic features, criticism

Tertiary texts – produced by viewers themselves (e.g., letters, gossip, conversation)

Functions

Function of Intertextuality

Majority of the writers borrow ideas from the previous works to give a layer of meanings to their works. In fact, when readers read the new text with reflection of another literary work, all related assumptions, effects and ideas of other text provide them a different meaning and changes the technique of interpretation of the original piece.

Since readers take influence from other texts, and while reading new texts they

sift through archives, this device gives them relevance and clarifies their

understanding of the new texts. For writers, intertextuality allows them to open new perspectives and possibilities to construct their story. Thus, writers may explore a particular ideology in their narrative by discussing recent rhetoric in the original text.

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