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Immigration to the United States increased when there were famines and political conflicts in foreign countries
A Monopoly causes a reduction in competition, this results in higher prices for consumers.
Urban Populations Boom
Patterns of City Settlement
The Urban Poor
With limited space in cities buildings six or seven stories tall were divided into small apartments called TENEMENTS. Many tenements had no windows, heat or indoor bathrooms.
Urban Reforms
BUILDING CODES - set standards for construction and safety. New buildings were required to have fire escapes and decent plumbing.
Religious Organizations Help the Poor
In the late 1800s, millions of "new immigrants" came to the United States in Search of economic opportunity and freedom.
Religious groups worked to ease the problems of the poor.
The Catholic Church helped the Irish, Polish and Italian immigrants.
Protestant Ministers began preaching a new SOCIAL GOSPEL - calling for their wealthy members to do their duty as christians and help society's poor.
Interpret the graph below. What does it tell us?
N.Y. Cartoon showing Cyrus Field, Jay Gould, Cornelius Vanderbilt, and Russell Sage, seated on bags of "millions", on large raft, and being carried by workers of various professions.
How can we interpret this chart?
What's going on?
Learning to be American
Many immigrants struggled to adjust to the American way of life. They struggled between holding on to their old traditions and the new American ways.
Acculturation is the process of holding on to the older traditions while adapting to a new culture
Nativists sought to limit immigration and preserve the country for native-born white protestants.
As Immigration increased in the late 1800s, nativist feelings peaked.
Immigrant Neighborhoods
Why Immigrants Came
Large American Cities became patchworks of Italian, Irish, Polish, Hungarians, Greek, German, Jewish and Chinese neighborhoods.
Push Factors
Push Factors are conditions that drive people from their homes.
Between 1865 & 1915, more than 25 million immigrants poured into the United States
Angel Island
Pull Factors
Pull Factor - conditions that attract immigrants to a new area
"Old" vs "New" Immigrants
After 1885 millions of "New Immigrants" arrived from Southern and Eastern Europe. These included Italians, Poles, Greeks, Russians and Hungarians. Few of these new immigrants spoke English and many were Catholic, Jewish or Eastern Orthodox.
Why would it be harder for this group to adapt than earlier immigrants?
Immigrant patterns changed in the late 1800s. Most earlier immigrants had been Protestants from Northern and Western Europe. English, Irish, Germans and Scandinavians became known as "Old Immigrants".
A Difficult Journey
Adapting to American Life
The newly arrived looked for work. Through friends, relatives, labor contractors and employment agencies they found jobs