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Hafnium. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://images-of-elements.com/hafnium-2.jpg>.
Hafnium. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://m.c.lnkd.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/6/005/08a/04b/2356a1a.jpg>.
Hafnium Nickel alloy. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://hafniumnickel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/
Hafnium_Alloy_Nickel.jpg>.
Hypersonic plane prediction. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-89napMgAlDU/VBoLsIEqoNI/AAAAAAAA2nA/Mx6EHYcLtCI/s1600/superceramic.jpg>.
Nuclear reactor control rod. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/PWR_control_rod_assemby.jpg>.
Nuclear reactor control rod. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://www.wirebiters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Hf_Use2.jpeg>.
Pure hafnium bar. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg>.
Symbol of Hafnium. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://static9.bigstockphoto.com/thumbs/7/8/4/small2/4879059.jpg>.
Zirconium and hafnium combined. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://webelements.com/_media/elements/element-pics-theo/40_Zr_2.jpg>.
Hafnium Carbide. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://dialog.ua.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/dr_ajay_agrawal_lab08_012.jpg>.
Websites:
"Chemistry Explained." Hafnium, Chemical Element. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
"Hafnium Element Facts." Chemicool. N.p., 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.
"Hafnium." Minerals Education Coalition. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.
"Hafnium." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
Wang, Brian. "Rediscovered Ceramic Hafnium Carbide Can Withstand Temperatures Three times Hotter than Lava at 4050 Celsius and Could Help Enable Hypersonic Planes." Next Big Future. N.p., 17 Sept. 2014. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.
Pictures:
Apollo liquid rocket thruster nozzles. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg>.
Camera flash bulb. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/hardwares/classics/nikonf2/flash/images/bcb.jpg>.
Dirk Coster. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9b/Dirk_Coster.jpg>.
George de Hevesy. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg>.
Hafnium bomb prediction. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://wellsy.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/mk17-bomb4.jpg>.
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Discovered in 1923 by the Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy and the Dutch physicist Dirk Coster
This showed that some atoms in the zirconium were not actually zirconium, and were of a new element
On the advice of Niels Bohr, the scientists studied the x-ray spectra of Norwegian zirconium ore
They named the new element hafnium after the Latin name for Copenhagen, 'Hafnia'
Crystal bar process is used:
Most of the hafnium used in the world comes from France
Hafnium is found in zirconium compound ores, and it is never found as a free element
Hafnium is more soluble in some liquids than zirconium is
These ores are found in sand deposits that are rich with titanium and minerals
Therefore, hafnium is separated from zirconium when placed in these liquids because it dissolves