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Uses of Hafnium

Past:

Future:

Present:

Hafnium Facts

Uses of Hafnium

  • When in very small pieces, hafnium can spontaneously combust
  • France exports the majority of hafnium in the world
  • For years there has been an ongoing debate about the use of hafnium's nuclear isomer as a weapon

Future:

Present:

Past:

  • An alloy of hafnium, niobium, and titanium was used in the liquid rocket thruster nozzles of the Apollo lunar models
  • Could be used to create hypersonic air travel that would allow planes to exit and reenter earth's atmosphere
  • The hafnium would be used to shield the planes from the high temperatures involved with this
  • Hafnium is mainly used in the control rods of nuclear reactors- helps to keep reactions safe
  • Forms super alloys with other metals which are very useful because they can withstand extreme conditions
  • Found in camera flash bulbs and incandescent light bulbs

Citations Continued

Pictures continued:

Hafnium. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://images-of-elements.com/hafnium-2.jpg>.

Hafnium. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://m.c.lnkd.licdn.com/mpr/mpr/p/6/005/08a/04b/2356a1a.jpg>.

Hafnium Nickel alloy. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://hafniumnickel.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/

Hafnium_Alloy_Nickel.jpg>.

Hypersonic plane prediction. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-89napMgAlDU/VBoLsIEqoNI/AAAAAAAA2nA/Mx6EHYcLtCI/s1600/superceramic.jpg>.

Nuclear reactor control rod. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/PWR_control_rod_assemby.jpg>.

Nuclear reactor control rod. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://www.wirebiters.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Hf_Use2.jpeg>.

Pure hafnium bar. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Hf-crystal_bar.jpg>.

Symbol of Hafnium. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://static9.bigstockphoto.com/thumbs/7/8/4/small2/4879059.jpg>.

Zirconium and hafnium combined. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://webelements.com/_media/elements/element-pics-theo/40_Zr_2.jpg>.

Hafnium Carbide. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://dialog.ua.edu/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/dr_ajay_agrawal_lab08_012.jpg>.

Citations

Websites:

"Chemistry Explained." Hafnium, Chemical Element. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.

"Hafnium Element Facts." Chemicool. N.p., 17 Oct. 2012. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.

"Hafnium." Minerals Education Coalition. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2014.

"Hafnium." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.

Wang, Brian. "Rediscovered Ceramic Hafnium Carbide Can Withstand Temperatures Three times Hotter than Lava at 4050 Celsius and Could Help Enable Hypersonic Planes." Next Big Future. N.p., 17 Sept. 2014. Web. 15 Dec. 2014.

Pictures:

Apollo liquid rocket thruster nozzles. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Apollo_CSM_lunar_orbit.jpg>.

Camera flash bulb. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://www.mir.com.my/rb/photography/hardwares/classics/nikonf2/flash/images/bcb.jpg>.

Dirk Coster. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9b/Dirk_Coster.jpg>.

George de Hevesy. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/George_de_Hevesy.jpg>.

Hafnium bomb prediction. Digital image. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2014. <http://wellsy.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/mk17-bomb4.jpg>.

Hafnium by Billy

Ramundo

Chemical Characteristics

  • Flammable when made into small bits
  • Not very reactive:
  • Doesn't react easily with oxygen in air
  • Doesn't react with most acids
  • Reacts with halogens ad elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen at high temperature

Physical Characteristics

  • Lustrous, malleable, and ductile transition metal
  • Silver-colored
  • Boiling point of 4603 °C
  • Melting point of 2233 °C
  • Density of 13.3 g/cm
  • Good conductor of heat
  • Solid at room temperature

3

Discovery

Discovered in 1923 by the Hungarian chemist George de Hevesy and the Dutch physicist Dirk Coster

This showed that some atoms in the zirconium were not actually zirconium, and were of a new element

On the advice of Niels Bohr, the scientists studied the x-ray spectra of Norwegian zirconium ore

They named the new element hafnium after the Latin name for Copenhagen, 'Hafnia'

Purification

Crystal bar process is used:

  • Decomposition of Hafnium tetraiodide on a tungsten filament that is white hot
  • Creates bar of pure hafnium which is ready for use
  • Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer developed the method in 1925

Most of the hafnium used in the world comes from France

Source of Hafnium

Hafnium is found in zirconium compound ores, and it is never found as a free element

Hafnium is more soluble in some liquids than zirconium is

These ores are found in sand deposits that are rich with titanium and minerals

Therefore, hafnium is separated from zirconium when placed in these liquids because it dissolves

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