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Quiz

What does the term ‘White Australia’ mean?

A- A period of Australian history in which official and unofficial policy favoured British immigrants

B- A movement in the 19th century to make the Australian flag slightly different from the British flag by making its background white

C- A breed of Australian Siamese cat

D- A section of the phone book in Australia

The Chinese Immigration Act of 1855 sought to:

A- Restrict the importation of Chinese goods into Australia

B- Stop the immigration of Chinese people to Australia

C- Limit the number of Chinese passengers on a vessel coming to Australia to one for every ten tons

D- Restrict the number of Australians entering China

Why was the Dictation Test applied to prospective immigrants as part of the White Australia policy?

A- The government wanted to be sure that migrants could spell

B- Overt discrimination against Asian and some European migrants appeared racist, so the Dictation Test was administered in the name of seeking literate migrants

C- To ensure that all migrants had at least a basic level of proficiency in English

D- It was one of many tests applied to prospective migrants, including health, sanity, morality and tone deafness checks

Which of the following is the only Western country that puts its asylum seekers into mandatory detention who arrive in the country without valid documentation?

  • France
  • Australia
  • Great Britain
  • United States

White Australia Policy

End of White Australia Policy

Political and social legacy

Immigration Restriction Act 1901

Gold Rush Era

The new federal government

1966 : Migration Act

First important multiethnic migration to NSW

Over 300 Languages

Chinese immigration act 1855

Influx of immigrants

Discovery of gold

Competition on the goldfields

Dictation test

Restrictions on chinese immigration

46%

Great wealth

40 000 Chinese men and 9000 women over 20 years

Residency taxes

Social tension

Written test in any European language,

then in any language

Act that prohibited from immigration :

  • Those to be insane, anyone likely to become a charge upon any public or charitable institution. It also included any person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease.

  • prostitutes, criminals and anyone under a contract or agreement to perform manual labour within Australia

Harold Holt

Most common :

English

Italian

Greek

Cantonese Chinese

Arabic

Series of protests and riots

Original population of New South Wales in 1851 : 200 000

Born or have an ancestor born overseas

  • Dismantled the White Australia Policy
  • Increased access to non-European migrants
  • Temporary residents could become permanent ones after 5 years

Nearly impossible to pass

1975

Racial Discrimination Act

Early drafts explicitly banned non-Europeans from migrating to Australia

1902-1909 : 59 people passed

made the use of racial criteria for any official purpose illegal

The government views Australia's cultural diversity as a source of both social and economic wealth.

Objection of the British government

1850s

1930

1960

1900

2010

1850

Aftermath

World War II

Sugar industry

Post war multi-ethnic immigration

Fall of Singapore

Australia's current Migration Program allows

Encouraging immigration from Europe

Japanese war brides admitted

Italy

Greece

Yugoslavia

Ambitious development projects

Remaining 800 refugees

People from any country to apply to migrate to Australia, regardless of their ethnicity, culture, religion or language, provided that they meet the criteria set out in law.

Feared invasion by Imperial Japan

Large labour force

Applied for residency

Blackbirding

Trade union movement

Reinforced the philosophy of "White Australia"

diversifying Australia's migrant intake

Protests against foreign labour

2010

Population : 21 Millions

Recruitment of people through trickery and kidnapping

1950

Population : 70 Million

Growth of the sugar industry in the 1870s

Chinese workers took jobs away because :

  • They worked for "substandard" wage
  • Lowered working conditions
  • Refused unionisation

Search for labourers

Thousands of Kankas were brought into Australia as indentured workers

Post-war immigration program

Pacific Island Labourers Act 1884

Limit and categorize the number of Pacific Islanders allowed in Australia

Married to Australians

Non-White Refugees

Left after the war

Arthur Calwell (First immigration Officer)

During WW2

Malays

Indonesians

Filipinos

Protests

6.5 Million migrants

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