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Crude Oil

Crude oil is an unrefined petroleum product made up of hydrocarbon deposits. The main hydrocarbons in crude oil include, Aromatics, Alkenes, Paraffins and Cycloalkenes. In the petroleum engineering industry it is formed/refined into products such as gasoline, liquified petroleum gas, heating oil, kerosene and diesel fuel.

Crude Oil Separation Techniques

References:

Fractional Distillation is the main form of separation technique used in the crude oil pertroleum industry.

Freudenrich, C. How oil refining works [Internet]. c2001[updated 2001 Jan 4; cited 2015 Apr 30]. Available from: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining1.htm

Segers, R. Oil refinery [Internet]. c2013 [updated 2013 Jan 28; cited 2015 Apr 30]. Available from http://expeditieaarde.blogspot.com.au/2013_01_01_archive.html

Simanzhenkov, V., & Idem, R. Crude Oil Chemistry. Hoboken: CRC Press; 2003.

Vesa-Sidevis, S. Advantages and disadvantages of energy sources [Internet]. Marietta (Georgia): homepages.spa.umn.edu; [cited 2015 Apr 30]. Available from http://homepages.spa.umn.edu/~larry/ADVANTAGE_DIS_ENERGY.pdf

Unknown. Fractional Distillation [video on the internet]. 2008 April 15 [cited 2015 April 30]. Available from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=26AN1LfbUP

Young, S. Fractional Distillation. New York: The Macmillan Company; 1903.

Separation Techniques

Fractional Distillation

Fractional distillation is the process of separating mixtures into fractions of closer related properties. During the process compounds that are more volatile will vaporise first separating them from compounds that are less volatile.

Disadvantages

Crude Oil Fractional Distillation

Chemical engineers use separation techniques as a method for separating mixtures (liquids) into singular compounds. There are many different types of separation techniques but for the purpose of this presentation I will be focusing on crude oil separation techniques used in the petroleum industry.

  • Environmental issues caused by carbon emissions produced during fractional distillation process
  • Operational risks to do with high temperatures and high pressures produced during procedure
  • Crude oil is a non renewable resource, what will the consequences be when we run out as we consume about 65 billion barrels of petroleum a day worldwide
  • Transportation of the oil is usually via ships which can led to oil spills having tragic consequences on the environment
  • Limited technologies are avialable and used which could enhance production processes and therefor increase yields for petroleum engineering companies in particular

Fractional Distillation Method

The mixture is heated in the distilling flask.

Then it moves into the fractioning column

Molecules with lower boiling points will vaporise first separating them from molecules with higher boiling points

This removes unwanted molecules/compounds purifying the crude oil.

By Georgina Ayton

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Advantages

Crude Oil Fractional Distillation

  • Relatively inexpensive production process
  • Efficient techniques on complex mixtures
  • Oil is an abundant fuel source
  • Due to no new production technologies beig made petroleum companies only need to use minimal technology in the production process

Fractional Distillation Crude Oil Separation Technique

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