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*The controversy came to an end gradually in the 19th century, and the verdict of history has come down on the side of Hutton and the Plutonists (at least insofar as the origin of rocks is concerned).The evidence needed to reconstruct these ages was contained in the successive layers of rock covering the surface of the Earth. The modern science of historical geology was born.
*While in Leipzig, Werner became interested in the systematic identification and classification of minerals.
*Within a year he published the first modern textbook on descriptive mineralogy, Von den äusserlichen Kennzeichen der Fossilien (On the External Characters of Fossils, or of Minerals; 1774).
*During his career, he discovered eight minerals and named 26. In 1775 he was then appointed as Inspector and Teacher of Mining and Mineralogy at Freiberg Mining Academy.
*During his 40-year tenure, the school grew from a local academy into a world-renowned centre of scientific learning.
*The theory was first proposed before 1750, by Abbé Anton Moro who had studied volcanic islands, and was subsequently developed by James Hutton as part of his Theory of the Earth published in 1788.
*It contested Abraham Werner's neptunist theory as Hutton theorized the fundamental force was subterranean heat, as evidenced by the existence of hot springs and volcanoes.
*He was working with Joseph Black, who discovered carbon dioxide when Hutton identified that the extreme heat and pressure necessary for forming rocks could only come from the interior of the Earth.
*This is the basis for James Hutton’s theory of plutonism which states that rock forming processes are driven by heat contained within the interior of the Earth.
*Born in Edinburgh, Hutton began studying at the local university as a teenager.
*Hutton left the University of Edinburgh to pursue medical school in Paris and Holland for five years and moved back to Edinburgh in 1750.
*. Eventually Hutton worked on a family farm called Slighhouses.
*On September 25,1749, Abraham Gottlob Werner was born in Wehrau (now Osiecznica, Lower Silesian Voivodeship).
* Werner was educated at Freiberg and Leipzig, where he studied law and mining after working with his father for five years in the ironworks at Wehrau and Lorzendorf.
* He is best known for his early theory about the stratification of the Earth's crust
Neptunism is a superseded scientific theory of geology proposed by Abraham Gottlob Werner in the late 18th century that proposed rocks formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth's oceans.
Plutonism (or vulcanism) is the geologic theory states the rocks forming the Earth were formed in fire by volcanic activity with a continuing gradual process of weathering and erosion wearing away rocks.They deposited on the sea bed, re-formed into layers of sedimentary rock by heat and pressure, and raised again. It proposed that basalt was solidified molten magma.
*It is named after Neptune, the Roman god of the water.
*Abraham Gottlob Werner theorized that at one time the earth had been completely covered with oceans and that as sediments and chemicals in the water fell to the ocean floor, they formed layers of rock, which eventually became the land.
*Over time, water from the ocean evaporated,
exposing the land and leaving pockets of water
in low-lying areas.
*Werner based his historical sequence of rock formation on the theory that the Earth had originally consisted of water.
*The water contained material which settled out of suspension in a process of sedimentation to form the core of the planet and the continents as a series of layers, the oldest and hardest being granite while newer layers showed an increasing number of fossils.
Two theorists, Abraham Gottlob Werner and James Hutton, put forward hypotheses that consolidated the facts and offered explanations for Earth as it existed. Werner proposed that Earth was originally an irregular solid body covered completely with a heavily saturated fluid. James Hutton specifically addressed great importance to the interior heat of Earth which is called Plutonism to contrast with Werner's Neptunism.
*In a paper presented in 1788 before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a newly-founded scientific organization, Hutton described a universe :
--> Formed by a continuous cycle in which rocks and soil are washed into the sea, compacted into bedrock, forced up to the surface by volcanic processes, and eventually worn away into sediment once again.
The most apparent problem with the Neptunian theory became obvious when Werner's students began to study volcanoes in Italy and France. In these places they found many types of crystalline primary rocks that were unmistakably products of volcanic eruptions. Furthermore, in Italy, near the active Mt. Vesuvius there were no known coal deposits that could be burning to supply the heat of the volcano. The volcanic fires appeared to be coming from the interior of the Earth itself.