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How was diabetes diagnosed?

In the 16 and 1700s, it was discovered that the urine of people with diabetes was sweeter. "Water tasters" were hired to taste the urine of suspected diabetics to determine whether or not they had diabetes.

It was not until Insulin was discovered that the lifestyles of diabetics greatly improved.

The Importance of Insulin

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6. Woo, Dr. Vincent. "Diabetes Then & Now." Doctor's Review. Accessed June 15, 2015. http://www.doctorsreview.com/history/diabetes-then-now/.

Insulin is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. It "binds to receptors on the body's cells to allow the passage of glucose into the cell as an energy source." If the body is unable to secrete Insulin, sugar, in the form of glucose, will begin to build up in the blood stream causing high blood sugar levels, or hyperglycemia.

Autoimmune-"A disease in which the body produces antibodies that attack its own tissues, leading to the deterioration and in some cases to the destruction of such tissue."

Thesis:

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Before Insulin

After Insulin

Before the discovery of Insulin in 1921, there were few successful methods for the treatment of diabetes and diabetics often lived short lives.

Diabetes is an autoimmune disease. In diabetics, beta cells in the pancreas that produce the hormone Insulin are attacked by the body. This leaves diabetics with an inability to produce Insulin.

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3. "Diabetes"

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Diabetes Mellitus

Despite attempts to treat diabetes, diabetics lived short lives with harsh complications.

1921

Children often died days after the onset of diabetes and adults lived with complications including organ failure and other devastating side effects.

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Frederick Banting and Charles H. Best discovered the hormone Insulin in pancreatic extracts of dogs. This medical breakthrough greatly improved the health and lifestyles of diabetics, but what was life like before the discovery of Insulin?

The word 'Mellitus' is Latin for 'honey'.

The Greek word 'Diabetes' means 'passing through'.

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8. "Diabetes History"

Citations

"Diabetes." Gale Virtual Reference Library. Accessed June 10, 2015. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&isETOC=true&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=mont47812&resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=BasicSearchForm&contentSegment=&docId=GALE|CX3451500118.

Early Treatments

Diabetes is a disease that is characterized by abnormal or excessive levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood.

5. Swidorski, Dawn. "Diabetes History." Defeat Diabetes Foundation. Accessed June 15, 2015. http://www.defeatdiabetes.org/diabetes-history/.

Woo, Dr. Vincent. "Diabetes Then & Now." Doctor's Review. Accessed June 15, 2015. http://www.doctorsreview.com/history/diabetes-then-now/.

In an attempt to manage diabetes, doctors in the 17 and 1800s suggested odd diets such as eating only the fat and meat of animals or consuming large amounts of sugar. John Rollo confirmed that a low-carb, high-protein diet worked the best.

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Swidorski, Dawn. "Diabetes History." Defeat Diabetes Foundation. Accessed June 15, 2015. http://www.defeatdiabetes.org/diabetes-history/.

7. "Diabetes History"

me

1. "Diabetes." Gale Virtual Reference Library. Accessed June 10, 2015. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?sgHitCountType=None&isETOC=true&inPS=true&prodId=GVRL&userGroupName=mont47812&resultListType=RELATED_DOCUMENT&searchType=BasicSearchForm&contentSegment=&docId=GALE|CX3451500118.

The History of Diabetes

Why is hyperglycemia a problem?

Having excess amounts of sugar in the blood can have damaging short and long term effects.

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Short term:

Long term:

before the discovery of Insulin

  • fatigue
  • appetite loss, nausea, or vomiting
  • difficulty breathing
  • mental stupor
  • muscular stiffness
  • headache
  • increased thirst
  • dizziness
  • blurred vision
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
  • problems with eyes, kidneys, nervous system, gums, and teeth
  • heart disease
  • stroke
  • loss of consciousness (hyper/hypoglycemic coma)
  • decreased blood flow to limbs

4. "Diabetes"

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