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Life in New Mexico's Hispanic Communities

Land Grants

Pieces of land given to settlers.

1)Pueblo land grant: For Pueblo villages

2)Private grants: For one person or families

3)Community grants: Each family got a small piece, but most of the land belonged to everyone. It was used for hunting, firewood, and grazing. It could not be sold.

Rules:

  • The alcalde would take the people to the land. They would run their hand through the soil and shout "Long live the King!" three times.
  • Settlers must live there four years.
  • They must defend the land.
  • They must not settle on Pueblo land.

Most New Mexicans were farmers

Tools were simple.

Subsistence farming:

farming mainly to feed your own family

NM didn't have much metal, so tools were mostly wooden.

corn, wheat, chile, beans, other vegetables, some fruits, cotton

carreta: small wooden cart

Farmers irrigate their crops.

Haciendas

large farms where both crops and cattle were raised.

acequia: ditch that was dug for irrigation

Hacendados : people who owned haciendas

They hired people to work form them.

They were more wealthy than most.

El Camino Real

"The King's Highway"

Barter System:

trading good for other goods

New Mexicans traded

for

1600 miles between Santa Fe and Mexico City

Indian Blankets

sheep

hides

pinon nuts

El Paso wine

paper

books

iron tools

clothes

shoes

chocolate

sugar

tobacco

liquor

Travel between to two could take months.

Life in the Frontier

New Mexico was a frontier area.

NM lacked good roads. Mail service and traders were not regular.

It was on the edge of New Spain, far from the main part of civilization.

Spanish New Mexicans were religious.

After 1750, New Mexicans created their own santos.

People of mixed blood could hold public office or rise to the high rank of solider.

Men of all social classes were expected to protect the settlements from Indian attacks.

Unlike many other places,

Indians were accepted into communities and did the same jobs as Spaniards.

santos: images of saints

santero: a person who makes santos

retablo: religious painting or carving on a flat surface

bulto: carved or sculpted images of a saint

1804 The Cow Pox Vaccine

A solution to small pox

Doctors in England figured out that if you gave someone cow pox, they would never get small pox.

The King of Spain wanted all of his citizens to be given cow pox.

For New Spain, doctors gave cow pox to orphans who wanted to go across the sea.

They used these sick children to carry the disease, which they gave to the children of New Mexico.

Many lives were saved.

Cow pox was a lot like small pox.

Lots of people got it.

But, unlike small pox, you wouldn't die.

And if you got cow pox, you wouldn't get small pox.

People of New Mexico: 1700s - 1820s

Castes:

People of mixed blood

Spaniards

Pueblo Indians

Non-Pueblo Indians

Mulatto:

A person born of black and white parents.

Barack Obama: of "mixed blood" but not present in NM during the 1700s

Anglos

Blacks

Mestizo

Child born of Spanish and Indian parents

In New Mexico, the vast majority were Spaniards or Pueblo Indians.

These groups intermarried, and over time became the population became more and more mixed.

1700s: Census figures by Spanish officials only listed two groups of people..

1)Spaniards and castes

2)Indians

Genizaro

Indian that did not usually live in New Mexico

1700s - early 1800s

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