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Ethnicity and Identity
1860's
Non-Russians categorized as "inorodtsy", or foreign-born, implying that ethnic Russians had natural ruling power.
October Manifesto of 1905
Sparked a demand for territorial autonomy in order to protect political and cultural rights of non-ethnic Russians.
Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917
The Bolshevik's did not dream of a democratic republic; was specifically anti-Russian
Led to:
- national self-determination
- affirmative action empire
- ethnic homelands
- expansion of ethnic peoples in leadership
Multiculturalism in Russia
Started when Ivan the Terrible "[gathered] the lands of Russia" and began expansion across 1/6th of the world. Over 125 million of these people were non-Russians.
- 1 in 5 russians is not an ethnic Russian.
- Post-Soviet Union:
- # of ethnic Russians
- # of non-ethnic Russians
- 7 ethnic groups numbered over 1 million people.
Why this is hard:
"exceptionally diverse populace" with "nearly 160 other officially recognized ethnic groups"
"new ID who dis"
Russia is trying to form their own identity after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
"For the first time in its history, Russia exists not as an empire but as a more or less "normal" nation-state that is struggling to find a new place for itself..." (Bressler 192)
Vladimir Putin
Ethnicity and Identity
2 leading issues:
- disagreement how Russia should provide for the political and cultural rights of non-Russians. Continued ethnofederalism?
- Numerous issues in Chechnya and how to solve them.
Chapter 7
Chechnya goes to war with Russia-- twice.
Why put so much effort into this multicultural system?
- 1st war: Russia lost; decided to "shelf" the discussion on Chechnya's new relationship to Russia.
- 2nd war: Russian troops came "to never go away". Russia won, return to normalcy never quite achieved.
Lenin: "We are going to help you develop your Buriat, Votiak, etc., language and culture, because in this way you will join the universal culture, revolution, and communism sooner."
express yourself!
...but not too much...
* Main reason why people loved the idea of Putin so much: Putin was authoritative and demanded loyalty.
- Minority groups began to gain confidence in new-found freedoms. Demanded independence.
- 1992 Federal Treaty, 1993 Russian Constitution, the bilateral treaties, and the republican constitutions: which one is the right one?