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Bibliography

Rat and Shark Comparative Anatomy

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Esophagus of shark & rat

Adaptations

Evolution

SHARKS

-The sharks esophagus is wide and shot

-Since the sharks esophagus is wide and short the shark does not have to chew is food before swallowing.

-The shark’s esophagus is wide and short also because it can eat more food at once, then just one at a time like us humans.

The Chondrichthyes is a class with all fish. A shark is considered a fish. The rat is in the class Mammalia because it is a mammal. The reason why they are both Chordata is because both of them have a nerve cord on its back, there are also a series of tubes that connects the inside throat to the outside throat. They are both Animalia because they are both animals.

Matei:

RATS

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Shark and Rat liver

-Rats can’t vomit or burp, because their muscle that is in between the stomach and the esophagus does not have enough power to pump it out.

-This helps the rat because, they don't get heat burns.

-Because the rat can not vomit, it has trouble digesting its food. The rat can choke much easily, so they need to chew more so that they can’t choke.

Structure/

function

Adaptaions

Rat: The rat liver has many lobes. The function of the rat liver is it produces enzymes for nutrients and it filters the food that the rat eats.

Shark: The shark liver has two lobes left and right, it takes up 90% of the body. The function of the shark liver is that it serves as a internal filter it also helps clean the blood it filters waste, and finally it stores vitamins from the food that the shark eats.

Structure/function

SHARK

Rat: Rat liver has multiple lobes becuase it eats anything so it needs to be many to help it digest all the food that it eats.

Shark: The oil in the shark help it to be buoyant in the water helps them stay up from the bottom of the floor. When the shark can float because of the oil it helps it hunt for food.

The sharks esophagus is a thick muscle that connects from the top of the cavity that connects the oral cavity and pharynx with the stomach. The esophagus leads into a J shaped stomach. The rats esophagus is short and wide.

Evolution

RAT

The rats esophagus is similar to the sharks. It does the same function except it has not differences. The rat has a wall from the esophagus to the stomach. The rats esophagus is not thick like the sharks, its more slim.

Both the shark and the rat are in the animalia Kingdom because they are both animals.

The rat is in the class of Mammalia because it is a mammal but the shark is not in the same class it is in the class of Chondrichthyes which is the class of fish because a shark is a fish. The rat and the shark are in the same Phylum of Chordata which means that they have a nerve chord on their back that is the only thing that makes them the same.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

RAT

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Rodentia

Family: Muridae

Genus: Rattus

Species: R.

Norvegicus

SHARK

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Chondrichthyes

Order: Lamniformes

Family: Lamnidae

Genus: Charcharodon

Species: C.carcharias

The Shark and Rat teeth

Stomach of a Shark and Rat

Shark

Function/structure

Adaptations

Shark

Adaptation:

The different types of teeth with different functions help different sharks survive because they are based on the prey that they feed on. Since the different teeth are based on different prey, it helps the Sharks be more efficient in their hunting therefore they can survive longer and reproduce.

Rats: The rats' stomach has two parts- the forestomach and the corpus. The forestomach is used for storing food, while the corpus is where the breaking down of food takes place. After food goes through the corpus, it heads to the intestines.

Structure:

everytime a shark looses a tooth from the front row, it is replaced with a tooth from the row behind. this way sharks never run out of teeth. everytime a shark replaces some of it’s teeth, they grow back larger than the ones before. the shark’s teeth grows in it’s gums and it moves forward until eventually it falls out.

Function:

teeth that look like small spikes are used for holding small prey. serrated teeth are used for cutting. long, curved teeth are for holding slippery fish. blunt teeth crunch shellfish. different sharks have tiny teeth compared to their larger sizes. Those sharks don’t use their teeth to eat. instead they filter the food out of the water. the cookie cutter uses its teeth to cut out chunks from larger fish

Evolution

Some of the special traits sharks have include being able to vomit up what they don't need or can't digest. This trait helps them to survive because they swallow a lot of bones but can't digest it. Rats, on the other hand, have an adaptation which prevents them from vomiting. Rats have a muscle located in their stomach and esophagus that stops them from upchucking. Another trait would be the strong stomach acids in a shark. The acid in the stomach of a shark should be much stronger than those of a human of rat because of the major dietary differences. This helps them survive because they have to be able to digest their prey/food easily.

Sharks: A shark's stomach is shaped like the letter 'U'. It is often mistaken for the esophagus. Shark stomachs have one of the strongest acids that are used to break down food in animals. Sharks eat about 5% of their body weight per week, and can live without food for a while. Sharks can survive for a long time because of their slow motabolism. Bones that are swallowed will be vomited, as they can't be digested. Like rats, sharks have two regions in their stomach- phyloric and cardiac.

Rat:

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)

Phylum: Chordata (Animals with a back bone)

Class: Mammalia (Mammals)

Order: Rodentia (All rodents with incisors on the upper and lower jaws

Family: Muridae (All rodents)

Genus: Rattus (All rat types)

Species: R. Norvegicus

SHARK

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)

Phylum: Chordata (Animals with a back bone)

Class: Chondrichthyes (All fish)

Order: Lamniformes (All sharks)

Family: Lamnidae (mackerel sharks or white sharks)

Genus: Carcharodon (cardilage based fish)

Species: C.carcharias

The biggest difference between the shark and the rat is that the shark is a fish and the rat is a mammal. The differences between fish and mammals is that mammals live on land and give birth while fish live in the water and lay eggs.

Evolution

Rat

Structure:

Rats have incisors and molars. The incisors are the four longest, sharpest teeth of the rat and they are located at the very front of the mouth. Two on the top and two at the bottom.

Function:

Incisors are used for gnawing. They are open-rooted which means they never stop growing. Since rats keep gnawing they wear out their teeth so because their teeth are open-rooted, they never wear out their teeth completely

Structure:

The molars are 12 grinding teeth at the back of the mouth. They are broad, flat, unpigmented

Function:

When a rat chews, the jaw moves back so the molars are in contact with each other but the incisors so that’s why the only the molars are involved in chewing.

Adaptation:

A rat has three sets of molars. By the 125 day of it’s life, the growing and wearing process slows down greatly that it doesn’t affect the rat. Since it takes a long time for the molars to wear out and it takes a long time for them to grow back out they cancel each other out. This helps the rat survive because this way they will always have the molars for them to chew and they will never wear out so the rat will never encounter a problem where they don’t have enough teeth to chew.

Rats and sharks are both animals and belong to phylum chordata because they have a spinal chord. After the phylum, rats and sharks are completely different. Sharks are Class Chondrichthyes because they are fish with cartilage. Rats are Class Mammalia because they are mammals. This is where they are different. Going on to the Order, Lamniformes are sharks that have larger mouths that extend beyond the mouth. These sharks include the Goblin Shark, Great White, and Mackerel sharks. Order Rodentia is a scientific word for rodents, which are animals with upper and lower front incisors that grow as they age.

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