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Sources

  • http://books.google.com/books?id=KJ3iFz3mRqIC&pg=PA72&dq=digestive+cell+differentiation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mMNsVO5rzq-iBLOagNgG&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=digestive%20cell%20differentiation&f=false
  • http://books.google.com/books?id=CZkJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT39&dq=stomach+cell+specialized+function&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8A9uVPqxFcPwoATQ6oGIDQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=stomach%20cell%20specialized%20function&f=false
  • http://books.google.com/books?id=K3JbjG1JiUMC&pg=PA472&dq=stomach+lining+cell+function&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A31uVK35A8aYyASX54DABA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=stomach%20lining%20cell%20function&f=false
  • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0014482711003405
  • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590909006183
  • http://jcb.rupress.org/content/5/1/41.abstract
  • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022532072900718
  • http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.20214/full
  • http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S107476130600567X
  • http://pathology.jhu.edu/pancreas/basicoverview3.php?area=ba
  • http://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v12/i12/1966.htm
  • http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2#page-1
  • http://books.google.com/books?id=KJ3iFz3mRqIC&pg=PA72&dq=digestive+cell+differentiation&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mMNsVO5rzq-iBLOagNgG&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=digestive%20cell%20differentiation&f=false
  • http://books.google.com/books?id=MEf9hbLj7FMC&pg=PA17&dq=salivary+gland+specialized+cell+function&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zxBuVJ25JoG3ogSthoGAAQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=salivary%20gland%20specialized%20cell%20function&f=false
  • http://books.google.com/books?id=KJ3iFz3mRqIC&pg=PA72&dq=intestine+digestion+track+cell+specialized+function&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OxBuVMOVL87moASekoCIBw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=intestine%20digestion%20track%20cell%20specialized%20function&f=false
  • http://books.google.com/books?id=ySUXAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA370&dq=pancreas+specialized+cell+function&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dRBuVK23DM7SoASBoYCYAg&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=pancreas%20specialized%20cell%20function&f=false

Impossibility

The cells in the gastrointestinal system are only capable if undergoing differentiation, specialized function, and cell renewal once they are initiated, not after death. When the cells die and lose their structure and function, they cannot redo processes essential for growth and function because those processes only occur prior to birth in the embryotic state, which the Creature did not experience. Also, the Creature's lack of clearly defined genetics causes him to lack the homeobox gene for the development and specialized function of gastrointestinal cells.

Intestinal Cell Initiation

  • Cell differentiation occurs in the embryo state
  • Undifferentiated endoderm (type of skin tissue) cells combines with lateral plate-derived mesenchyme (type of mesoderm - embryotic skin tissue) into a single-layered tissue
  • Epithelial cells lining villi undergo cell differentiation
  • Post-birth, cells continue to renew themselves periodically

Liver Cells

Pancreas Cells

  • Exocrine (Acinar) Cells
  • Produce digeste enzymes
  • Endocrine Cells
  • Generate glucose-responsive insulin secreting cells

Intestinal Cells

  • Hepatocytes
  • Liver regeneration and repair
  • Kepffer Cells
  • Liver defense
  • Fenestrated Endothelial Cells
  • Endothelium (protective lining of liver)
  • Ito Cells
  • Antigen-presenting cells
  • Activate T-cell responses
  • Absorptive Cells
  • Enteroendocrine Cells
  • Paneth Cells
  • Stem Cells
  • Brunner's Glands
  • Anit-acid mucin-secreting gland
  • Protects organ lining from enzymes
  • Goblet Cells
  • Secrete protective mucin-proteins

Stomach Cells

  • Parietal Cells
  • Break down contents of stomach
  • Maintain neutral cytosolic pH
  • Exocrine Cells
  • Secrete protein-digesting enzymes
  • Chief Cells
  • Secrete digestive enzymes
  • Stem Cells
  • Generate gastric organoids
  • Drive cell renewal

Four Main Gastrointestinal Tract Cells

  • Absorptive Cells
  • Ingests proteins and colloidal materials
  • Mucus-secreting Cells
  • Secrete protective mucus (mucin-glyco proteins made from goblet cells)
  • Entero-endocrine Cells
  • Produces chemical messengers to regulate digestive processes
  • Paneth Cells
  • Phagocytosis
  • Intercellular digestion of intestinal microorganisms

Specialized Cell Functions of the Digestive System

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