Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy from Coast to Coast:

Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy from Coast to Coast: a Review of Current Applications and Research in Canada

Ground Source Heat Pumps

2006 to 2008: growth rate 40%/yr

2009: peak installation 15,913 units

• Increase in oil and gas prices
• Financial incentives from governments

2010 to 2012: downturn

• Financial crisis
• Decrease in oil and gas prices
• End of many government incentives

2013: Back to growth?

www.which.co.uk

Geothermal heat pump units installed in Canada from 1990 to 2013 (Tanguay, 2014)

Ground Source Heat Pumps

(CGC, 2012)

Distribution of geothermal heat pump systems certified by the Canadian GeoExchange Coalition (CGC)

Ground Source Heat Pumps

Installed capacity and energy used

Hot Springs

1880’s: Commercial exploitation of the hot springs began after First Nations

1841: George Simpson (Hudson's Bay Company) visited Radium Hot Spring

Construction of bathhouses and hotels

1886 - Banff

1913 - Miette

1914 - Radium

©B & J Swift (Banff)

Location of the commercially exploited hot springs (diamond) and thermal water (star) in Canada

©A Durno (Miette)

Hot Springs

Commercially exploited

Research Contributions

Scopus search with “geothermal” in title abstract or keywords from 1990 to 2013:

18,616 scientific publications

Author affiliations

1- United States (4,928)

2 - China (1,766)

3 - Germany (1,166)

7 - Canada (765)

2003 to 2013:

Average growth of 12%/yr

Publications with “geothermal” in title, abstract or keywords having one or more Canadian affiliations

Research Contributions

www.ncbg.unc.edu

Ground source heat pumps

(Lamarche and Beauchamp, 2007)

High impact research:

Lamarche and Beauchamp, 2007; 85 citations

• Analytical solution to simulate ground heat exchangers

Bernier, 2001; 65 citations

• Hourly simulation procedures for ground source heat pumps

Marcotte and Pasquier, 2008; 57 citations

• Analysis of in situ thermal conductivity tests

(Bernier, 2001)

(Marcotte and Pasquier, 2008)

Research Contributions

Ground source heat pumps

• 9,984,670 km2
• Population 35,344,962 (Stat Can, 2014)
• GDP 1.9 G$ (Stat Can, 2014)
• Energy 2,883 PJ/yr (Nat Ener Board, 2013)

Numerical system simulation at a flooded mine (Raymond and Therrien, 2014)

Potential to reduce GHG emissions (Hanova and Dowlatabadi, 2007; Self et al., 2013; Younis et al., 2010)

Analytical solutions to simulate systems (Lamarche and Beauchamp, 2007a, 2007b).

Algorithms to improve the rapidity of hourly simulations (Lamarche, 2009; Marcotte and Pasquier, 2008a).

Validity of different solutions available for simulations (Marcotte and Pasquier, 2009; Marcotte et al., 2010; Philippe et al., 2009).

Methods to evaluate the borehole thermal resistance (Lamarche et al., 2010)

Thermal response tests in ground heat exchangers (Marcotte and Pasquier, 2008b, Raymond et al., 2011a, b and c)

Geothermal district systems (Ozgener et al., 2004, 2005a, 2005b, 2006, 2007)

Geothermal potential of flooded mines (Hall et al., 2011; Jessop et al., 1995; Raymond and Therrien, 2008).

The urban island heat effect (Ferguson and Woodbury, 2004; Zhu et al., 2010)

Research Contributions

Hot springs

High impact research: Grasby et al., 2000; 48 citations

Chemical nature of the Canadian hot springs

Meteoric origin, located along six major thrust fault (Grasby et al., 2000, Grasby and Hutcheon, 2001).

Geothermomethers - circulation depths of 0.6 to 4.8 km (Allen et al., 2006; Grasby and Hutcheon, 2001)

Numerical modeling - depth under estimated by 30 % (Ferguson et al., 2009)

Distribution of thermal springs (Grasby et al. 2011)

©B McKay

©M Henderson

Jasmin Raymond - jasmin.raymond@inrs.ca

Michel Malo

Denis Tanguay

Stephen Grasby

Faisal Bakhteyar

Conclusions:

• Installed capacity 1,458 MWt
• Energy used 11,388 TJ/yr
• Publications 765

Hot Springs

Ground Source Heat Pumps