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APUSH Timeline: Periods 1-5

Period 5!

1845- American expansion

  • Texas was admitted to the Union as a slave state in 1845. “Manifest Destiny” or the idea that the United States had a special right and duty to spread its democratic system from coast to coast, was a crucial theme used to justify the Mexican-Amercan War that followed hard on annexation.

1848- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

  • A week after gold was discovered in California, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the Mexican-American War. The US acquired California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, and parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, and Wyoming.

1848- California gold rush

  • James W. Marshall, a 36-year-old carpenter and handyman, discovered gold at a sawmill near Sacramento, California. The discovery set off the California gold rush. In 1849, 80,000 men arrived in California hoping to make a fortune in mining. Few struck it rich, and the gold rush lasted less than a decade.

1847-Mormons arrive in Utah

  • Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church, or Church of the Latter Day Saints, in New York state in 1830. The new religious group, which in early years advocated polygamy, was pushed out of several communities. In 1844 a mob stormed the Carthage, Illinois, jail, and murdered Smith and his brother, and the Mormons began to seek settlement much further afield. Under the leadership of Brigham Young, Mormons emigrated to the Salt Lake Valley to establish the religious state of Deseret.

1846- Mexican-American War

  • In 1846 President Polk sent a US representative to the Mexican government to make an offer to buy California and parts of New Mexico as well as to settle disputed territory claims in Texas. In exchange for this land he offered $25–$30 million and an additional $3 million in debt relief owed to American citizens by Mexico. The Mexican government refused to meet with the representative. Consequently, Polk ordered the US Army to move into the disputed territory. Fighting broke out on April 25, 1846, when a Mexican force killed sixteen American soldiers in the disputed territory south of the Nueces River.

1850- Fugitive Slave Law

  • Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act as part of the Compromise of 1850. The law forced northerners to cooperate in returning runaway slaves to the South.

1852- Uncle Tom’s Cabin

  • Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which sold 300,000 copies in a year and a million copies in sixteen months. When Stowe met President Lincoln at the White House, he purportedly asked her: “Is this the little woman whose book made such a great war?”

1850- Compromise of 1850

Congress adopted the Compromise of 1850, which admitted California to the Union as a free state without forbidding slavery in other territories acquired from Mexico.

1851- Sojourner Truth: “Ain’t I a Woman?”

  • The women's rights movement, born in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848, was inspired by women’s exclusion from the anti-slavery leadership. Sojourner Truth, a former slave from New York, exemplified two reform movements in her speech “Ain't I a Woman,“ given in Ohio in 1851. African American women were often sidelined in the battle for the abolition of slavery and the battle for women's rights.

1849- Thoreau's Resistance to Civil Government

  • Henry David Thoreau's essay “Civil Disobedience,” declared, “If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go. . . . if it is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then, I say, break the law.” Thoreau was a prominent member of the Transcendentalists, a group of New England writers and thinkers who subscribed to a philosophy emphasizing the unity of the natural world, Romantic ideas, and personal experience and revelation. Prominent members included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller.

Period 2!

Period 3!

Period 1!

1620- Pilgrims Island.

1626- New Amsterdam

1765- Colonists react to the Stamp Act

  • Adverse colonial reaction to the Stamp Act ranged from boycotts of British goods to riots and attacks on the tax collectors. In this letter, Archibald Hinshelwood, merchant and rising politician from Nova Scotia, described his impressions of the Stamp Act and of the resulting colonial unrest.

1514- Encomienda System

1764- The Sugar Act

  • To maintain the army and repay war debts, Parliament decided to impose duties on colonial trade. It passed the Sugar Act, a law that imposed duties on foreign wines, coffee, textiles, and indigo imported into the colonies, and that also expanded the customs service. Britain also required colonial vessels to fill out papers detailing their cargo and destination. The Royal Navy patrolled the coast to search for smugglers, who were tried in special courts without a jury.

1494- Treaty of Tordesillas

1492- European discovery of the new world

1521- Hernan Cortes invades the Aztecs

1754- The French and Indian War

  • Half a century of conflict between Britain and France over North America culminated in the French and Indian War—the Seven Years’ War in Europe. Unlike previous Anglo-French wars, which were outgrowths of European conflicts, this one began with colonial initiatives. Fur traders and Virginia planters were interested in exploiting and developing the Ohio River valley. The French, determined to secure the territory against encroaching British and American traders and land speculators, built a chain of forts along Pennsylvania’s Allegheny River.

1492- Columbian Exchange

1763- Proclamation of 1763

  • The Proclamation of 1763 “preserved to the said Indians” the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and ordered white settlers “there forthwith to remove themselves from such Settlements,” forbade white settlement, and restricted commerce with the American Indians to traders licensed by the British government, requiring settlers to “take out a License for carrying on such Trade from the Governor or Commander in Chief of any of Our Colonies respectively.” Power over westward expansion was now in the hands of British officials.
  • Pilgrims, or Separatists, seeking religious freedom arrived in New England aboard the Mayflower. On November 11, 1620, they signed the Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth Colony.

1765- The Stamp Act

  • Parliament passed the Stamp Act to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years’ War. The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards. It was a direct tax imposed by the British government, without the approval of the colonial legislatures, and was payable in hard-to-obtain British sterling, rather than colonial currency. Further, those accused of violating the Stamp Act could be prosecuted in Vice-Admiralty Courts without juries anywhere in the British Empire.

1637- Anne Hutchinson banished

  • Anne Hutchinson (1591–1643) was an English-born Massachusetts Puritan who organized religious meetings for women and challenged the political authority of the clergy. As a result, Hutchinson was tried in 1637 for “traducing the ministers” of the church. John Winthrop, the governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, served as both prosecutor and judge in her trial. Hutchinson was declared “a woman not fit for our society” and excommunicated from the church. Banished from Massachusetts, Hutchinson eventually settled on Long Island and in 1643 she was killed during an Indian raid.

1662- The Half-Way Covenant

  • New England Puritans established the Half-Way Covenant, an agreement extending partial church membership to church members’ children who had not yet experienced conversion. Solomon Stoddard, grandfather of religious leader Jonathan Edwards, was among the major proponents of the Covenant.
  • The Dutch colonization of New Netherland (which included parts of present-day New York, Delaware, New Jersey, and Connecticut) began in the 1620s. From the outset, New Netherlands was a multiethnic, multireligious society. In 1664 the future James II of England dispatched Colonel Richard Nicolls (or Nicholls) to seize the colony.

1630- Boston—The City on the Hill

  • Between 1629 and 1640, 20,000 Puritans left England for America to escape religious persecution. They hoped to establish a church free from worldly corruption and founded on voluntary agreement among congregants. John Winthrop, the first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, famously desired these settlements to be a “A Model of Christian Charity”—a City on a Hill.
  • This was a legal system that the Spainsh made in the Spinsh colonial times. It attempted to define the status of the indian population in the American Colonies. It was based upon the practice of exacting tribute from Muslims and Jews.
  • In 1519, Cortés' ships reached the Mexican coast at Yucatan. Mexico had been discovered by the Spanish just a year prior, and they were eager to settle it. Cortes was also interested in converting natives to Christianity.
  • This was a period of Cultural and biological exchanges between the old world, Europe, and the new world, America. The peoples of both worlds exchanged things like plants, animals, diseases and technology. This affected everyone. Natives died of disease and so did the Europeans.
  • This Treaty was an agreement between Spain and Portugal that aimed to settle conflicts arising over newly found land. It helped to settle a potentially fatal disagreement.
  • On August 3,1492 Christopher Columbus set sail from Palos, Spain. He sailed with three small ships. (The Nina, The Pinta and the Santa Maria.) He was trying to discover a new route to Asia. Instead of finding this though he discovered what would be the call America. On October 12, he landed somewhere in the Bahamas discovering a "New World". This would change history as we know it affecting all groups of people, including Native Americans.

1776- The Declaration of Independence

  • On July 2, 1776, Congress declared independence from Great Britain and two days later adopted the Declaration of Independence. Copies of the Declaration were then sent out to the new "Free and Independent States" to print and distribute. “No American document has had greater impact than the Declaration of Independence."

1777- Articles of Confederation

  • The Second Continental Congress named a committee to draft a document, the Articles of Confederation, to define the relationship among the thirteen new states. The members worked from June 1776 until November 1777, when they sent a draft to the states for ratification. On December 16, 1777, Virginia became the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. Maryland was the last, holding out until March 1, 1781.

1768- British troops arrive in Boston

  • After Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend imposed new duties on imports of glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea in the colonies in July of 1767, the colonists became even more restive. Revenue from the acts paid the salaries of colonial governors and judges, preventing colonial legislatures from exercising the power of the purse over those officials. In 1768 two regiments of British troops arrived in Boston to quell the nascent rebellion.

1774- Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

  • British Parliament enacted the Port Act in reprisal for the Boston Tea Party in March 1774. The first of the “Intolerable Acts,” the Port Act closed Boston harbor to all shipping until payment for the destroyed tea was made. In May, two additional “Intolerable Acts” forbade public meetings in Massachusetts unless sanctioned by the royal governor and transferred any trial of a British official accused of a capital offense to England or another colony.

1770- The Boston Massacre

  • By the beginning of 1770, there were 4,000 British soldiers in Boston, a city with 15,000 inhabitants, and tensions were running high. On the evening of March 5, crowds of day laborers, apprentices, and merchant sailors began to pelt British soldiers with snowballs and rocks. A shot rang out, and then several soldiers fired their weapons. When it was over, five civilians lay dead or dying, including Crispus Attucks, an African American merchant sailor who had escaped from slavery more than twenty years earlier.

1689- Locke's Two Treatises of Government published

  • John Locke's works were greatly influential in formation of the American republic. According to Cornell University professor Issac Kramnick, "All the important figures of the revolutionary generation, including John Otis, John and Sam Adams, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, and Benjamin Franklin, were disciples of Locke. His writings shaped sermons in Revolutionary pulpits and editorials in Revolutionary newspapers. The Declaration of Independence, in fact, reads like a paraphrase of Locke’s influential Second Treatise of Civil Government."

1692- Salem witchcraft hysteria

  • In 1692 a cluster of accusations of witchcraft led to prosecution in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Cotton Mather encouraged the trials, and eventually eighteen men and women were found guilty and hanged. The extent of the 1692 incident is notorious, but accusations of witchcraft were not uncommon. Yale Historian John Demos notes, “Witchcraft, far from being something totally bizarre and extraordinary, belonged to the regular business of life in pre-modern times.”

1696- Captain Kidd commissioned

Maritime trade and exploration in the colonial era created an environment ripe for piracy and secret deals on all sides. One of the most infamous pirates in history, Captain William Kidd, was commissioned by William III of England in 1695 as a privateer to hunt and capture pirates. Robert Livingston of New York engineered an arrangement in which Kidd and Livingston were to receive a 10 percent share of the profits recovered from any treasure obtained from pirates.

1675- King Philip’s War

  • Metacomet, the Wampanoag leader called “Philip” by the English, led a war against New England settlers who wanted to subject the native New England population to colonial control. Historian Jill Lepore notes: “When Philip himself was killed in August of 1676 over half of all the English towns in New England had been destroyed. In fact, in proportion to population, King Philip’s War was the most fatal war in American history.”

1680- The Pueblo Revolt

  • In what is present-day New Mexico, the Pueblo peoples, led by Popé, coordinated an uprising against the Spanish at dozens of settlements scattered across hundreds of miles. The Indians destroyed buildings and churches and killed more than 400 Spaniards. They burned Sante Fe and drove the Spanish back to El Paso. While the Pueblo Revolt was the most successful effort by American Indians to drive out European settlers from their lands, the Spanish were back in twelve years.

1586- Sir Francis Drake’s attack on St. Augustine

1565- Formation of St. Augustine

1525- Rise of the Atlantic Slave Trade

1607- James Town Founded

1555- Tobacco Arrives in Europe

  • The colony was sponsored by the Virginia Company of London, a group of investors who hoped to profit from the venture. Chartered in 1606 by King James I, the company also supported English national goals of counterbalancing the expansion of other European nations abroad, seeking a northwest passage to the Orient, and converting the Virginia Indians to the Anglican religion.
  • Five years after leading the first English circumnavigation of the globe in 1577–1580, Sir Francis Drake led a raid against Spanish settlements in the Caribbean, including Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Cartagena, as well as St. Augustine (in present-day Florida).
  • Tobacco was first introduced to Europeans in 1492 when Columbus landed in the Americas. Columbus wrote in his diary, on October 15th, 1492, that he observed an Indian sailing in a canoe with water, food, and tobacco leaves. it had spread to nearly all parts of Europe. Not only did its usage spread quickly but also it quickly came to be seen as a cure for many major illnesses. In 1595, Anthony Chute published Tobacco in which he argued that physicians were keeping tobaccos use a secret because they feared it would put them out of business.
  • The Portuguese began to ship slaves from West Africa to Europe. The first stage was the capture of people on the African mainland, and their movement to the coast. This was organized by local African potentates. A "triangular trade" operated, whereby ships carried European manufactures to Africa and exchanged them for slaves, who were then taken to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar, molasses, cotton, tobacco, indigo and other goods, which were brought back to Europe. It is estimated that, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, over twelve million Africans were transported across the Atlantic, most of whom came from West Africa.
  • Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied settlement of European origin in the contiguous United States. On September 8, 1565, a force of 600 men under Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Spain's most reputable admiral, arrived in Florida on the Feast Day of Saint Augustine. Naming the settlement St. Augustine in honor of the saint, Menéndez oversaw construction on the site of an ancient Timucuan village near the place where Ponce de León had landed in 1513. Menéndez claimed Florida for Spain in the name of King Phillip II.

Period 4!

1807-Embargo of 1807

  • In an attempt to avert war, the United States imposed an embargo on foreign trade. The embargo was an unpopular and costly failure. It hurt the American economy far more than the British or French and resulted in widespread smuggling and unemployment.

1804- Haitian Revolution ends with freedom from France

  • Sparked by the revolution in France, in 1791 a slave revolt broke out in the French colony of Saint Domingue. The successful rebellion was the largest slave revolt in the Western Hemisphere and caused great unease in the United States.

1801- Judiciary Act

  • The Judiciary Act of 1801 increased the number of federal courts, judgeships, clerks, and marshals. John Marshall was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court. Marshall’s record of achievement began with Marbury v. Madison (1803), in which he vindicated the Court’s power of judicial review (the power to review the constitutionality of federal or state laws or other governmental actions) and laid the foundations of federal constitutional jurisprudence.

1803- The Louisiana Purchase

  • In 1800, Spain secretly ceded the Louisiana Territory—the area stretching from Canada to the Gulf Coast and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains—to France, which then closed the port of New Orleans to American farmers. Jefferson, fearing that a French colonial empire in North America would block American expansion, sent negotiators to France with instructions to purchase New Orleans and as much of the Gulf Coast as they could for $10 million. The subsequent 1803 Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size of the United States.

1800- Jefferson elected

  • In 1800, the nation had a choice between John Adams, the incumbent, and Thomas Jefferson, the vice president. Adams had lost support through his attempt to remain neutral in the French-British conflict and through the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. After six days and 36 ballots, the House of Representatives elected Thomas Jefferson the third president of the United States. In his inaugural address, Jefferson attempted to allay Federalist fears of a Republican administration by declaring, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

1816- Tariff of 1816

  • The Tariff of 1816 imposed a high tax on foreign goods to protect American industry after the War of 1812. Thomas Jefferson said of the war in 1815, “The interruption of our intercourse with England has rendered us one essential service in planting radically and firmly coarse manufacturers among us.”

1807- Congress votes to end the slave trade

  • Originally circulated in 1805 to educate the public about the treatment of slaves, this broadside entitled “Injured Humanity” was intended to shock readers and called on the conscience of citizens to “reject, with horror, the smallest participation in such infernal transactions.” On March 2, 1807, Congress voted to ban the international slave trade as of January 1, 1808.

1812- War of 1812

  • The United States declared war against Britain in 1812 over interference with American shipping and impressment of American seamen. Historian Gordon Wood notes that Jefferson and Madison favored economic sanctions over war, which they feared would give leaders too much power. In fact, Wood says, when finally forced into war, Madison fought it “poorly” so as to not enhance the role of the president.

1815- Battle of New Orleans

  • Unaware of a peace treaty signed two weeks earlier, General Andrew Jackson stopped a British attack at the Battle of New Orleans. British forces suffered 2,036 casualties; US forces suffered eight men killed and thirteen wounded. The victory at New Orleans only added to Jackson’s reputation as a warrior earned through his leadership during the Indian wars. Jackson used his rough-and-ready background to great effect as he positioned himself as the first American statesmen not from the New England or Virginia planter elite.

1820- The Missouri Compromise

  • In 1819 a courageous group of Northern congressmen and senators opened debate on the most divisive of antebellum political issues—slavery. The battle to prevent the spread of slavery was led by a forgotten Founding Father: the Federalist US senator from New York, Rufus King. The group lost. The Missouri Compromise prohibited slavery north of latitude 36°30' N. except in Missouri, which was admitted to the Union as a slave state while Maine (until then part of Massachusetts) was admitted as a free state.
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