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Transcript

Formation of Proteins

Works Cited

By Emily Missiuna

Mader, Sylvia S., and Sylvia S. Mader. Student Study Guide to Accompany Inquiry into Life, Ninth Edition. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2000. Print.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

  • bring amino acids to the ribosomes
  • single stranded, yet doubles back on itself
  • at least one tRNA for each of the 20 amino acids
  • attachment to amino acid requires ATP
  • enzyme tRNA synthetase recognizes which amino acid joins with which tRNA molecule
  • contains anticodons which are complimentary to the mRNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Translation

The Genetic Code

  • also called structural RNA because found in the structural bodies know as ribosomes
  • produced in nucleolus
  • joins proteins that were made in the cytoplasm
  • become subunits
  • large subunits join with small subunits to create ribosomes
  • is a triplet code
  • each 3-letter unit of an mRNA is called a codon
  • 64 different triplets
  • 20 different amino acids
  • 61 triplets corresponding with amino acids, remaining 3 are stop codons
  • start codon is the same as the triplet representing methionine

Steps of Translation

DNA to RNA

  • takes place in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
  • codon sequence in mRNA specifies order of amino acids in a polypeptide
  • requires several enzymes, tRNA and rRNA
  • called translation because this is when RNA is translated into order of amino acids
  • a polyribosome is when multi robosomes are on the same mRNA at the same time, therefore many proteins can be made at once

1. Initiation

  • small ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA
  • initiator tRNA pairs with codon
  • large ribosomal subunit join small subunit

2. Elongation

  • polypeptide lengthens one amino acid at a time
  • ribosome is large enough to hold 2 tRNA, therefore incoming tRNA receives peptide fomr outgoing tRNA
  • pattern continues and peptide grows

3. Termination

  • occurs at stop codon on mRNA
  • polypeptide is released, ribosome dissociates into 2 subunits, mRNA is free
  • the DNA acts as a kind of mirrored base for RNA
  • the making of the RNA molecule is called Transcription
  • the making of protein using the sequence of amino acids dictated in the mRNA strand is called Translation
  • like DNA, RNA has the bases of adenine (A), cytosine (C) and guanine (G). However, unlike DNA, RNA also has uracil (U)
  • unlike DNA, RNA is single stranded and doesnt form a double helix.
  • 3 major classes of RNA:
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)

Transcription

  • segment of the DNA helix unwinds
  • complimentary RNA nucleotides joined by RNA polymerase
  • mRNA forms having bases complmentary to the DNA; A-T, U-A, G-C, C-G (RNA-DNA)
  • mRNA now has sequence of codons complimentary to DNA triplet code
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