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Stope

-open space left behind from extraction

-country rock is sufficiently strong

-may required artificial support

Underground Mining

Development

Ventilation

-removing hazardous gas and dust

-manage underground temperatures

Raise

a vertical connection between levels, it is driven from a lower level to upper level

Ramps

a tunnel driven downward from the surface and joining two different levels

3 types:

-Spiral ramps

-Switchback ramps

-Straight ramps

ramps, shaft, drift, stopes, raise & ventilation

Drift

-horizontal openings

-Drifts are simply tunnels made in the rock, with a size and shape depending on their use.

Underground Mining

Shaft

Underground mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to excavate hard minerals, usually those containing metals.

-vertical opening

-provides access to an underground ore body

-excavated from the surface to the deepest mining horizon

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