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"Connects" monomers and "unites" them to become polymers (gives off water)

Nucleic acid polymers are created during dehydration synthesis from covalent bonds between monomers, which give off water as a byproduct.

Divides polymers with help from water to return the polymers to their monomer states

The process of hydrolysis uses water to aide in the destruction of polymer(s) into two or more monomers

mRNA

There are multiple types of RNA, one of them being messenger RNA.

What is it?

  • mRNA is a copy of a section of DNA.
  • This copy is taken to a ribosomes to be read by rRNA so the ribosomes can synthesize a protein.
  • During protein synthesis, a section of DNA is copied (this copy is called a transcription)
  • It is copied because DNA must remain in the nucleus at all times, so a copy is made to assure the actual DNA isn't damaged when taken into the cytoplasm to the ribosome.

RNA

tRNA

RNA, or Ribonucleic Acid, is a carrier of genetic information, a catalyst of biochemical reactions, a transmitter during protein synthesis, and structural molecule for a cell's organelles.

Transfer RNA, or tRNA, is the RNA that gets the amino acids needed during the process of synthesizing proteins.

RNA vs DNA

Single Stranded ... Double Stranded

Ribose Sugar ... Deoxyribose Sugar

Uracil ... Thymine

There are 20 amino acids, and proteins that can be anywhere from only a few, to several thousands of amino acids

  • Different numbers of amino acids form different shapes of proteins
  • ex Keratin, the protein in your hair, forms long fibers, and hemoglobin forms spheres

DNA

DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid, holds an organism's instructions for development and reproduction.

  • Holds codes for proteins
  • Info from DNA is 'read' and given to a messenger molecule
  • The messenger molecule translates the information to a language the body can understand, for amino acids, and tells how the amino acids should produce a certain protein.
  • Holds genetic codes
  • Transfers "genetic messages" to cells
  • DNA, specifically chromosomes, are passed down to children from two parents, 23 from each parent, for a total of 46
  • All your genetic code comes from the first cell created from the joining of egg and sperm

Where are they Located?

  • DNA Replicates to grow cells and tissues
  • DNAs copy themselves by "unzipping", revealing bases without pairs on the molecule's backbone.
  • The bases only connect to certain other bases
  • Nucleotides connect creating a match
  • If something goes wrong, your body can either destroy the DNA, remedy the mistake, or do nothing, creating a mutation.

Deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and Ribonucleic (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids store information to create new cells.

RNA

DNA

  • RNA is a copy of DNA, that starts in the nucleus and ends up the the cytoplasm with help from the ribosomes
  • DNA takes the form of chromosomes and is stored in the nucleus. Chromosomes are just long strings of DNA formed into an intricate loop.

Nucleic Acids

The Cellular Process and DNA

Nucleic Acids hold the information the cells need to function. This information is held in your genes. mRNA transfers the information from DNA to the RNA. Then, RNA uses this information to create various types of protein. mRNA is needed because the DNA is stored safely in the center of the cell to protect it from being damaged. IF the DNA is damaged, then mutations can occur.

mRNA

Heredity, Proteins and Inheritance

By: Emma Troost, Maggie Dollar, Andrew Spiteri and Ava Gallant

Whens cells reproduce the DNA has to be transferred to the next generation of cells. The DNA in the original cell replicates. When DNA is being replicated the double helix that holds the information unwinds and the two strands separate, DNA polymerase then uses each strand as a template to form a new cell. This is how the directions of how and when to produce proteins are passed from parents to their children. The child inherits how to produce proteins.

What is their composition?

Heredity has to do with your genes. When a baby is born, all these genes are stored in chromosomes. Half of a child's chromosomes come from each of their parents.

Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis

  • To explain their makeup, you have to explain the basics
  • nucleotide = composed of pentose sugar, have a nitrogen base and include a phosphate group
  • Polynucleotides = individual nucleotides formed together
  • Finally, nucleic acids are polynucleotides linked together

BROKEN DOWN (Hydrolysis)

CREATED (Dehydration synthesis)

How are nucleic acid polymers constructed by dehydration synthesis, and broken down into monomers by hydrolysis?

4 constituent bases

Sugar - sweet tasting carbohydrates found in living tissues

phosphate - a salt or ester of phosphoric acid

hydrogen bond - a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other. This bonds holds the double helix together.

adenine - paired with thymine in double stranded DNA

guanine - paired with cytosine in double stranded DNA

cytosine - paired with guanine

thymine - paired with adenine

(uracil - a constituent base of RNA. In DNA thymine takes its place)

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