Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Mol
Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
All About Carbohydrates
Words that end in OSE, are
most likely carbohydretes
Did Somebody Say Lipids?
What time is it?
PROTEIN TIME!
Nucleic Acids Be Ballin'!!
Phospholipids
Lipids!
They are similar to fats, but phospholipids have two fatty acids.
They have two hydrophobic tail (water fearing) and a hydrophillic head. They makeup the phospholipid bilayer part of the cell membrane.
Lipids are hydrophobic molecules. There isn't a general formula for them, but they do contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids are basically fats, which are used for energy storage, cushions for organs, and insulation.
DNA
Stands for deoxyribonucleic acid.
It also makes up your genes and
codes for the genetic information.
RNA
Stands for ribonucleic acid. Used for
structure and protein synthesis.
Coded genetic information for a few
viruses only. It also controls
mechanisms for genes.
Nucleic Acids
They are informational polymers.
They are also made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, but
they also have phosphorus!
They are the polymers of nucleotides.
The two most well known examples of nucleic
acids are DNA and RNA
Carbs: A Woman's Best Friend.
Carbohydrates are most
often used as fuel for the body, building, and receiving.
The general formula is CH20, so
it is obvious that carbs contain
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Protein Structue
Four Levels
Polypeptide Chains
Primary- Simple polypeptide chain
that has a sequence of amino acids.
Secondary- 3D structure made by
hydrogen bonding between the
backbone of the peptide chain.
They are formed by dehydration
synthesis between the carboxyl group
of one amino acid and the amino group
of the second amino acid.
Tertiary- When the R groups bond
Monosaccarides
Quaternary- When two or more peptide chains connect to make a working protein.
The name pretty much says it all. Mono - single Saccharide - sugar
Monosaccarides are the simple sugars. The have three to seven carbons. They also can be in linear or ring forms.
Examples
Glucose
Galactose
Ribose
Fructose
Condensation (Dehydration) Synthesis
This is the chemical reaction that takes place, that joins monomers together, to make a polymer.
Hydrolysis
Covalent bonds are formed during this by taking out water molecules between the monomers.
This is actually the opposite of condensation synthesis.
Hydro = Water and Lysis- to spilt
Therefore you can conclude that hydrolysis
'spilts' polymers into monomers, simply by adding
water.
Macromolecules
A macromolecule is a large molecule that is made by joining together a bunch of subunits. Macromolecules are also known as polymers. And what is the building block of a polymer you might ask? That my dear would be a monomer.
Proteins for everyone!
Proteins are made up of carbon
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
sometimes sulfur. They are just polypeptide chains of Amino Acids linked by peptide bonds.
Proteins can be used in many different
ways! These include being used as:
Enzymes, structure, antibodies,
transport, movement, receptors,
and hormones
Last but not least
Polysaccharides
These are many monosaccarides that have joined together by the glycosidic linkage Polysaccharides are good for storage.
Disaccharides
These are just two monosaccharide chains that have been joined together by what is known as a glycosidic linkage.
Oligosaccharides
These are two to about ten monosaccharides that have been joined together. These are used in the cell membrane