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The

Spiracle

  • Evolved from the branchial pouch
  • Moves water in one direction
  • reduces loss of energy

External Gills

emergency respiration

  • contained no alveoli
  • recieved oxygenated blood
  • Terrestrial adulthood
  • Aquatic adulthood

Where respiration occurs

  • Respiration requires a lot of energy
  • The need for a more efficient structure for respiration was required

  • increases surface area
  • increases oxygen intake

Gill Filaments

(lamellae)

Environmental pressure

Holobranch

  • Demibranchs
  • interbranchial septum

Evolution

-Respiratory as well as the circulatory work together in order for the heart to pump un-oxygenated blood returning from the body to gills for oxygenation.

Future evolution

  • Atmospheric changes
  • lower oxygen level
  • increase world tempature
  • Extinction of bees

Gills

Main form of respiration

Structure and Function

Physiology

Dogfish

Shark

Lungs

-Lungshave numerous avleoli

-Blood is supplied to the alveoli

Breathing is possible through the actions of muscles between ribs and diaphragm

Diaphragm

As the diaphragm moves towards the abdomen, it creates a vacuum, allowing the lungs to inflate and suck in fresh oxygen.

Lungs

  • Land became an area where more food could be found
  • Also became a good area to avoid predation

Physiology

Structure and Function

Environmental pressure

The aspiration pump created a negative pressure to draw air in using the ribs and diaphragm

Development of the diaphragm and aspiration pump

The development of the diaphragm created pressure changes to favor entry or exit of air

Evolution of the Respiratory System

Necturus

Evolution

Cat

Evolution

Having lungs only made it possible to live independently from an aqueous environment

Environmental pressure

Edward Bochynski

Kristene Hirsch

Nora Remy

Development of the lungs

Lungs

Where respiration takes place

Trachea

&

Bronchi

Although they are not the primary source of respiration, the lungs allowed the animal to be away from water

Structure and Function

Physiology

Allows air to get to the lungs

Diaphragm

-75 percent of the oxygen and 90 percent of carbon dioxide is exchanged.

-External gills are developed

Physiology

Changes the air pressure of the lungs to create an inhale or exhale

Structure and Function

Frog

-The glottis

-the larynx

-They run along the dorsal sides of the pleuroperitoneal cavity

Three Respiration Surfaces:

Moist Membrane

Lungs

-Mouth Cavity

-Lungs

-the skin

-all surfaces are used for the exchange of gas

Skin

-The skin is composed of thin membranous tissue that is permeable to water and contains a large network of blood vessels.

-mucus glands in the skin keep the frog moist, which helps absorb dissolved oxygen from the air.

Evolution

  • oxygen can diffuse into the blood
  • no excess loss of water

Buccal pumping

bibliography

The Lungs

A frog may also breathe much like a human, by taking air in through their nostrils and down into their lungs.

Environmental pressure

Lungs

Lunglessness

  • Wischnitzer, S. (2007)Atlas and Dissection Guide for Comparative Anatomy. New York: W> H. Freeman and Company
  • Kardong, K.V. (2012) Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution. New York: McGraw-Hill Company
  • Foss , M. (n.d.). Cat anatomy and physiology . Retrieved from 4h.wsu.edu/em2778cd/pdf/EM4289E.pdf‎
  • Frog respiration. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.brown.edu/Departments/Engineering/../Frog Respiration.htm‎
  • mudppy [internet]. chicago,IL: The World Association; 2001. available from http://www.lpzoo.org/animals/factsheet/mudpuppy.
  • Respiratory system [Internet]. New York, NY: Scholastic Inc.;2012. Available from http://gme.grolier.com.molloy.idm.oclc.org/article?assetid=0245710-0.
  • Roach, J. 2008. First lungless frog found. National geographic. Available from http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080407-lungless-frog.html.

The pressence of lungs allow adult frogs to live away from water

  • 2007 a species of lungless frog was discovered in Borneo
  • the adult frog spends its adult life completely in water

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